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Neuro Step I
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What causes bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome after long term dialysis? | deposition of beta2 microglobin |
What are the sx of Lateral Medullary Syndrome? | contralateral loss of pain/temp; ipsilateral dysphagia, hoarsness, decr gag reflex, facial paralysis (CN functions) |
What passes through the optic canal? | optic nerve, opthalmic a, central retinal v. |
What info does the nucleus solitarius mediate? | visceral sensory infor (taste VII, baroreceptors IX, gut distention X) |
What muscle opens the jaw? | lateral pterygoid |
Which Alzheimer's drug is an NMDA receptor antagonist and helps prevent excitotoxicity? | Memantine |
Which antiseizure drug was designed as a GABA analog but primarily (-) HNA Ca channels? | Gabapentin |
What are the histo changes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease? | loss of neurons, gliosis, and striking spongiosis in cerebrum, cerebellum, sc; cerebellar atrophy |
What is Binswanger disease? | subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated w/ HTN; presence of multiple lacunar infarcts and progressive demyelination |
What is the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease? | failure in up-regulation of transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which is a pro-survival factor for neurons in the striatum |
What results from lesion in left geniculocalcarine tract? | left hemianopia w/ macular sparing (PCA artery) |
What is the pathogenesis of Frederich's ataxia? | frataxin deficiency causes impaired mitochondrial Fe hemostasis and cells are more prone to apoptosis |
What is compressed in a subfalcine hemorrhage? | ant. cerebral a. |
What structures are compressed in an uncal herniation? | CNIII - fixed, dilated ipsilateral pupil, eye is deviated down and out; PCA - contralateral hemianopsia w/ macular sparing |
What sx occur with nl pressure hydrocephalus | wide based gait, urinary incontinence, dementia; caused by diminished reserve capacity of arachnoid villi |
What is syringomyelia? | fluid-filled syrinx w/in the cervical spinal cord causes decr pain/temp w/ weakness of upper extremities but intact light touch in "cape-like" distribution |
What is amaruosis fugax? | temporary "curtain" over one eye due to Hollenhorst plaque embolization to birfucation of retinal arteries |
What are the sx of a TIA in the ant circulation? | unilateral weakness/sensory sx, aphasia, amaurosis fugax |
What are the sx of a TIA of the post circulation? | 5 D's: dysarthria, diplopia, dysphagia, dizziness, dysequilibrium |
What is the most common location of an emoblic stroke? | distribution of the MCA |
What are the sx of a pontine hemorrhage? | CN deficits on one side and contralateral weakness/numbnes of arms and legs |
What is the pathogenesis of MS? | environmental trigger - activates TH cells to recognize CNS myelin basic protein --> cytokies that destroy myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes and Ab |
What causes adrenoleukodystrophy? | X-linked recessive; inability to catabolize VLCFA in peroxisomes --> loss of myelin, neuropathy, signs/sx of adrenal failure |
What is the pathogenesis of amyloid production in AD? | dysfunction of wingless integration pathway - activate glycogen synthase kinase 3beta --> phophorylation of beta amyloid and neural and synappic dysfunction; neuronal apoptosis and hyperphosphorylation of tau |