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Geology - Test 3

QuestionAnswer
Put these in order: water table, saturated zone, unsaturated zone. Unsaturated zone, water table, saturated zone.
What is a potentiometric surface? A potentiometric surface is the imaginary line where a given reservoir of fluid will "equalize out to" if allowed to flow – where an artesian well will cease to flow, for example.
What is an artesian aquifer? An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer whose water is pressurized. Water will thus flow out of an artesian well without pumping.
What is a karst? A landscape shaped by water erosion – what is left when water erodes bedrock.
How does groundwater erosion work? Acidic water dissolves bedrock.
How do caves form? Groundwater erosion – acidic water eats through, meets groundwater or another opening.
What is a speleothem? A cave formation, like a stalagmite or stalactite.
Which is the upper and which the lower, out of stalagmites and stalactites? Stalagmites are on the bottom and stalactites are on the top.
Speleothems typically form in what types of caves? Limestone or dolostone caves
Describe the geology of Washington. Patchwork mosaic, accreted terrane, an env. associated with plate movement.
What is a terrane? A specific geologic area.
What is an accreted terrane? Growing by accumulation.
Define mass movement. The process that transports earthy materials downhill by gravity.
What are the four factors that contribute to mass movement? Steepness (really steep ones don’t really slide), slope composition, vegetation, water (adds weight, reduces friction, a little bit holds it together).
What differentiates the four types of mass movement? Rate, material, water content.
What are the four types of mass movement? Creep (mm/yr), fall, slide, slump (leaves crescent shaped slip plane).
Why are there lots of landslides in the Pacific Northwest? Unconsolidated glacial till, rains a lot, steep slopes.
What are some factors that influence groundwater recharge? Topography, vegetation, amount and frequency of precipitation.
What is a confined aquifer called? An aquiclude.
What material are caves usually made up of? Limestone.
How do sinkholes form? A depression in a limestone terrane, caused when the landscape collapses into the groundwater source.
What are the fives types of deserts? Subtropical deserts, rain-shadow deserts, polar deserts, deserts near cold ocean currents, continental interior deserts.
What is an alluvial fan? A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain.
What is a pediment? A gently sloping, platform like structure, extending from the base of a mountain – the result of stream erosion on a mountain.
What is an inselberg? A steep-sided knob of resistant bedrock, left over when a mountain is eroded away totally.
What is a playa? A dried up lake in a desert.
What is an arroyo? Stream channels that run dry most of the year.
What is saltation? When sand moves around.
What do you need to make a dune? An obstacle and some wind.
Describe a transverse dune. Parallel ridges, perpendicular to prevailing wind (lots of sand, lots of wind in a constant direction).
Describe a longitudinal dune. Parallel ridges, parallel to prevailing wind (moderate sand, variable wind direction).
Describe a barchan dune. Crescent-shaped ridges, perpendicular to prevailing wind, with horns downwind. Little sand, constant wind direction, catches on vegetation.
Describe a parabolic dune. Horseshoe shaped, horns point upwind. Sandy ocean and lake shores.
Describe a star dune. When wind blows from 3+ principle directions or when it shifts constantly.
Describe suspended-load deposition loess. Ocher wind-borne silt.
Created by: 32404845
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