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Geography- C10-12
Erosion, Transportation and Deposition by Rivers, the Sea and Glaciers- Keywords
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fluvial Erosion | Waterfall |
| Waterfall | When a river flows over a vertical slope |
| Flows over what area? | An area where hard rock lies on top of soft rock |
| Which erodes faster? | Soft rock |
| Why? | Through the fluvial erosional process of hydraulic action |
| Hydraulic action | The power of the river hitting against the rock |
| What is formed? | A vertical drop |
| Where? | Where the hard rock and soft rock met |
| Known as? | A waterfall |
| What forms? | Plunge pool |
| Where? | At the base |
| Due to? | Hydraulic action and abrasion |
| Abrasion | The river's load swirling around in the plunge pool, wearing away at the rock |
| What happens to the rock above the plunge pool? | It is undercut and left hanging over the plunge pool |
| What happens then? | The rock eventually collapses into the plunge pool |
| Due to? | Hydraulic action and abrasion |
| What happens to the process? | It repeats |
| The waterfall does what | Gradually erodes its way upstream |
| Example? | Powerscourt Waterfall, Co. Wicklow, or Torc Waterfall, Co. Kerry |
| Fluvial Deposition | Levee |
| Levee | A build-up of alluvium on the banks of a river |
| Alluvium | Extremely fertile soil material deposited by rivers |
| Feature of? | The old-stage river |
| 1st time | Low flow |
| What happens? | Load is dropped onto the river bed |
| What does this do? | Raises the height of the river bed |
| 2nd time | Flood |
| What happens? | Water flows out more easily over the top of the channel and onto the surrounding land |
| What happens the river on land? | Loses energy, deposits load |
| What is deposited first, closer to the river? | The heavier, coarser material |
| What is deposited further away from the river? | The finer material |
| Where? | Flood plain |
| 3rd time | After many floods |
| What is after happening? | The river builds up a bank on either side |
| What is this called? | A levee |
| Example? | Lower course of River Moy, Co. Mayo |
| Sea Erosion | Sea cave, arch, stack and stump |
| What kind of waves? | Destructive |
| What do they attack | Weaknesses and cracks in the cliff |
| Through what? | Hydraulic action, abrasion and compressed air |
| Hydraulic action | The force of the water hitting off the rock |
| Abrasion | The load of the sea hitting against the rock |
| Compressed air | Air becomes trapped by incoming waves Puts pressure on the rock When water retreats, air expands back out and pressure drops suddenly Repeated, causing rock to weaken and shatter |
| What happens to the cliff? | A cave forms |
| What happens the cave? | It is widened further |
| Through what? | The same erosion processes |
| Until what? | The cave has been widened all the way through the headland |
| What is this called? | An arch |
| What happens then? | The arch is widened until the top of it collapses |
| What is left? | A sea stack |
| What happens the sea stack? | The same coastal erosion processes wear away the stack until it collapses into the sea |
| What is left? | A sea stump |
| Example | The Old Head of Kinsale, Co. Cork |
| Sea transportation | Longshore Drift |
| What materials? | Sand, silt, mud and pebbles |
| What is this known as? | It's load |
| Waves approach shore what way? | From the side |
| Determined by what? | Prevailing wind |
| What is prevailing wind? | The usual wind in an area |
| What is Ireland's prevailing wind? | South westerly |
| What force carries the waves up the shore? | Swash |
| What force carries the waves back down the shore | Backwash |
| At what angle does the swash carry the material back down the shore at? | A right angle |
| What happens then? | The process is repeated |
| In what pattern? | Zig-zag pattern |
| Sea deposition | Beach |
| Beach | A gently-sloping area of sand, shingle or stones that is found between high and low-tide levels |
| Formed by what? | Longshore drift (swash and backwash movements of the waves) |
| What kind of waves? | Constructive |
| What happens to waves as they break? | They lose their energy |
| What happens when this occurs? | The waves drop their load |
| What carries it up the shore? | Swash |
| What does the swash do then? | Deposit it |
| Why is the backwash unable to carry all the material back out? | It is weaker than swash |
| What is deposited first? | Heavier, coarser material |
| What is carried closer to the shoreline by backwash? | Finer material |
| What happens after this is repeated? | The material builds up |
| What is formed? | A beach |
| When are waves stronger? | During times of storms |
| What are they able to do? | Carry material further up the shoreline |
| To where? | The high-tide mark |
| What happens to the material? | It is deposited |
| What is now created | A storm beach |
| Example? | Tramore, Co. Waterford |
| Erosion by moving ice | Plucking and abrasion |
| What occurs when ice goes over the ground? | Friction |
| What is a result of this friction? | Heat |
| What does this do the ice? | The ice at the bottom of the glacier is melted |
| What is this called? | Meltwater |
| Where does the meltwater go? | Into cracks in the rock |
| What happens to the meltwater then? | It freezes when the temperature drops below 0 Degrees Celsius, sticking to the rock |
| What happens when the glacier starts to move again? | The glacier plucks chunks of rock out of the ground, carrying them along with it at the base of the glacier |
| What happens to the plucked rocks? | They become embedded in the base of the glacier |
| What do these rocks do as the glacier moves on? | They abrade the surface over which they pass |
| What does it mean to abrade? | To scrape and smooth |
| Feature of Glacial Erosion | Glaciated valley/U-shaped valley |
| Starts off as what? | V-shaped valley |
| Definition | Originally a V-shaped valley that became straightened and deepened by a glacier filling it, making it look more u-shaped |
| What glacial erosion processes occur? | Plucking and abrasion |
| What is left behind after the glacier passes through? | A glaciated valley |
| What changes are there to the V-shaped valley? | Flat valley floor Very steep sides |
| Example | Glendalough, Co. Wicklow |
| Glacial Transport | Transporting eroded material |
| On top or sides of glacier | Supraglacial |
| Where has the material usually come from? | From falling down the mountain |
| Inside the ice | Englacial |
| Including material that has what? | Fallen down cracks and into the ice |
| Underneath the glacier | Subglacial |
| What happens to the regolith? | It is dragged along the bottom of the ice |
| Feature of Glacial Deposition | Drumlin |
| Definition | Oval-shaped hills made of deposited boulder clay |
| Boulder clay | Mixture of sand and clay |
| How do glaciers deposit boulder clay | In irregular heaps |
| What does the ice do? | It retreats and then advances again |
| What does it do to the boulder clay? | It shapes and smooths it into rounded-shaped hills |
| From where the ice advanced? | Steep side |
| The direction the glacier was travelling in? | Gentle slope |
| Large number of drumlins | Swarm |
| Example | Clew Bay, Co. Mayo |
| Feature of Glacial Meltwater | Esker |
| When were they formed? | At the end of the ice age |
| What happened at this point of time? | Temperatures began to rise |
| What happened to the glaciers? | They began to melt |
| What flowed out from the melting glaciers? | Glacial meltwater |
| What did the glacial meltwater do? | It deposited material across the land surface |
| What was dropped first? | Heaviest material, such as stones and gravel |
| What was dropped later? | Lighter material, such as sand and silt |
| Definition | A long, winding ridge of sand or gravel |
| Where does the meltwater flow as the ice melts? | In tunnels beneath the ice |
| What happens when it leaves an ice tunnel? | It stops immediately |
| What is deposited? | Material |
| Where? | At the mouth of the tunnel |
| What happens to the ice? | It slowly melts back |
| What is deposited? | The material |
| In what form? | In the form of a long, narrow ridge of sand and gravel |
| Example | Trim Esker, Co. Meath |
Created by:
RoryOC88
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