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8 - SemTEST Spring24
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes with time |
| Air Resistance | Friction associated with the interaction of an object with the air |
| asteroid | an irregularly shaped rock that orbits the Sun. |
| asteroid belt | the area in space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids orbit. |
| atmosphere | a layer of gases surrounding a planet, star, or moon. |
| Big Bang Theory | a THEORY about the creation of the UNIVERSE |
| Celestial Sphere | giant spinning dome that the Greeks thought surrounded the Earth |
| Chromosphere | the lower level of the solar atmosphere between the photosphere and the corona |
| Coefficient of Friction | The quantity that expresses the frictional forces between two objects |
| coma | the outer layer of dust and gas around a comet |
| Comet | a ball of ice and dust who orbits around the sun in a long, narrow ellipse |
| comet tail | Produced when a comet's orbit brings it close to the sun and the dust and ice heat up. Always points away from the sun. |
| Compound machine | Two or more simple machines that work together form a common function |
| constellation | A group of stars that form a pattern in the sky |
| constraints | restrictions or limitations in a design |
| core | the center of an object. |
| Corona | the outer atmosphere of the Sun made up of thin gases and can only be seen during a solar eclipse without telescopes its temperature is 1 - 2,000,000°C |
| crater | a hole in the ground caused by the impact of an object from space. |
| distance | the length of a path between two points |
| dwarf planet | a nearly round object that orbits a star, is smaller than a planet, and is not a satellite of another object. |
| Equilibrium | The point at which an object is at rest or moving with a constant velocity |
| Force | A push or a pull |
| force × distance | work formula |
| Friction | the force that opposes movement between touching surfaces and always acts against the direction of motion. |
| fulcrum | the pivot point of a lever |
| gas | a substance with no fixed volume or shape that can expand freely. |
| gas giant | a large planet that is mainly made up of gases. |
| Geocentric | having or relating to the earth as center |
| Gravity | The attractive force between objects with mass |
| Heliocentric | having or relating to the sun as center |
| helium | the second lightest chemical element; often a gas. |
| hydrogen | the lightest chemical element; often a gas. |
| Inclined plane | An elevated flat surface that allows movement in the vertical direction while also moving in the horizontal direction. Ex. a ramp |
| Inertia | matter's resistance to change in motion |
| Joules | units of work |
| Kinetic Friction | The retarding force that acts upon a moving object in the opposite direction |
| Law of Universal Gravitation | states that every object in the universe attracts every other object |
| Lever | a simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point |
| mass | the measure of the amount of matter in an object. |
| mechancial advantage | a number that tells how many times a machine multiplies force (no units) |
| Meteorite | when a meteoroid burns in the atmosphere and hits the ground |
| Meteoroid | a chunk of rock or dust in space that comes from comets or asteroids |
| Meteors | the streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in Earth's atmosphere |
| methane | a colorless, odorless, flammable gas commonly called "natural gas". |
| Milky Way | the galaxy to which Earth and other components of our Solar System belong |
| Momentum | The product of mass and velocity |
| moon | a huge ball of rock that travels around a planet; a natural satellite. |
| Motion | is an object's change in position relative to a reference point |
| Nebular Hypothesis | the theory that the solar system evolved from a mass of nebular matter |
| Net Force | The sum of all forces acting upon an object |
| Newton's First Law | An object at rest remains at rest, and an object remains in motion unless acted upon by an outside force |
| Newton's Second Law | The force an object exerts is equal to the object's mass multiplied by the object's acceleration |
| Newton's Third Law | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| Normal Force | A force acting in the opposite direction of another force |
| Nucleus | the solid core of a comet |
| orbit | to revolve around another object. |
| oxygen | a gas that has no color, taste, or smell, and which people need to live. |
| Photosphere | the visible surface of the Sun; the upper surface of a convecting layer of gases in the outer portion of the sun whose temperature causes it to radiate light at visible wavelengths; sunspots and faculae are observed in the photosphere |
| physical constraints | factors such as natural laws and properties of materials. |
| Planet | any consolidated, large object which orbits a star |
| power | the rate at which work is done |
| Pulley | a simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cable |
| Reference point | A place or object used for comparison to determine if an object is in motion |
| Revolution | the movement of one object around another; ex. Earth around the sun, year; 365 1/4 days |
| Rolling Friction | Friction associated with one object rolling over another |
| Rotation | the spinning of the Earth on its axis, day and night (24 hours) |
| satellite | a natural or human-made object that orbits Earth or another object in space. |
| scientific model | a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event |
| Screw | An inclined plane wrapped around a central shaft that allows for vertical movement |
| Simple machines | a machine with few moving parts, making it easier to do work |
| Sliding Friction | Friction associated with one object sliding over another |
| social constraints | factors such as ease of use, safety, attractiveness, and cost. |
| solar system | a group of objects in space that orbit a star. |
| Solar Wind | streams of charged particles constantly given off by the Sun |
| Speed | The rate at which an object covers a distance |
| star | a body in outer space, made of hot gases, that shines in the night sky. |
| Static Friction | The force opposing the movement of an object across a surface |
| technological design | The process of designing and building products and systems to meet human needs. |
| technology | the application of science to solve problems |
| terrestrial | like Earth; describes planets that are rocky and Earthlike in size. |
| Velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction |
| watts | units for power |
| Wedge | Two inclined planes that are placed back to back that are used to separate object or stop the movement of an object. |
| Weight | the measure of the force of gravity on an object |
| Wheel and Axle | a simple machine consisting of two circular objects of different sizes; the wheel is the larger of the two circular objects |
| work | The action that results when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force |
| work ÷ time | power formula |
Created by:
Ms. Greenup
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