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Genes

SNC 2D5 Study Stack Part B

QuestionAnswer
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatin? What is a chromatid? A chromatin is a thread-like structure made of DNA. When it wraps around a protein and coils up, it becomes a chromosome. A chromatid is half a chromosome.
What are the 3 parts of a DNA? Phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and the 4 nitrogenous bases.
Name the 4 nitrogenous bases? How are they structured? Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine A & T are always opposite and create a nucleotide C and G are always opposite and create a nucleotide
Explain the relationship between a codon, nucleotide, amino acid, and protein. A nucleotide is one rung. 3 nucleotides create a codon. There are 20 possible sequences of codons and each sequence creates a different amino acid. Amino acids join together to form a protein, which carries out set tasks from the DNA.
What are the 3 major genetic diseases? Phenylketonuria, Down Syndrome, Huntington Disease
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? A genetic disease where the body does not have an enzyme to digest the amino acid phenylalanine found in some protein --> can lead to brain damage.
What is Down Syndrome? When an embryo has an extra chromosome, Down Syndrome occurs. There is a trisomy (3 chromosomes) in the 21st pair. Leads to different facial features and intellectual disability.
What is Huntington Disease? A disease that affects nerve cells. A person loses muscle control as they reach an old age.
What is a transgenic organism? Name an example. A transgenic organism is a genetically modified organism (GMO) whose genes are altered or inserted from other species. An example is insulin which is E Coli bacteria inserted with human genes.
Explain genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the process of combining genes (DNA) from one organism to another.
What is a mutagen? Name some common mutagens. Radiation or substances that cause genes to mutate. Radiation, smoking, vaping, and eating plastics are some common mutagens.
Explain the difference between mutations and cloning. A mutation occurs when the codon sequence in a gene segment of a DNA strand changes in order creating an abnormality. A clone is an exact copy of an organism down to every gene.
What is a gene? A gene is a segment of a DNA strand that controls certain traits of an individual.
What is the test for PKU? To test for the disease, a blood sample is taken from a baby's heel to see if they have the protein enzyme.
What is the test for Down Syndrome? To test, amniocentesis is conducted. Amniocentesis involves testing amniotic sac fluid and creating a micrograph (called a karyotype) showing the pairs of chromosomes to see if there is an extra.
What is the test for Huntington Disease? A DNA screening is done to check if the gene is present. If it is present, you are guaranteed to develop the disease in your future. If one parent has the gene, there is a 50% chance the baby has the gene.
Created by: AzaanI
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