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Genes
Part B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do chromosomes control? | A thread - like structure made up of DNA which controls the function & characteristics of a cell They coil up when undergoing cell division |
| What are chromosomes composed of? | Chromatin - string Mixture of DNA + proteins formed in chromosomes found in cells of humans & other higher organisms |
| What are the three parts of a DNA? | 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar (deoxyribose) 3. 4 nitrogenous bases |
| What makes up the backbone of a DNA? | Phosphate & Sugar (deoxyribose) |
| What are the 4 nitrogenous bases? | Adenine (A) --OPPOSITE TO-- Thymine (T) Guanine (G) --OPPOSITE TO-- Cytosine (C) |
| What is DNA? | Deoxyribonucleic acid which makes up a chromosome - Responsible for instructions for cell or organism - Strcuture formed by DNA is called Double Helix |
| How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? | 23 pairs |
| What is a codon? | A 3 nucleotide sequence in which the order of the nitrogenous bases code to make up a certain amino acid |
| What is half a chromosome called? | Chromatid 2 identical halves are called sister chromatids |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 types |
| What is a gene? | A segment of a DNA strand which controls a certain trait of an individual EX. height, hair type, body type, etc. |
| How does a codon sequence in a gene segment impact the organism? | The codon sequence in a gene segment controls how the organism with the certain trait will turn out |
| What is a nucleotide? | Alike to the rung of a ladder Basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA) Consists of a sugar molecule attached to phosphate group + a nitrogen-containing base |
| What makes up proteins? | Amino acids joined together - organic compound made of 3 nucleotide sequence |
| What is protein? | Amino acids join together to form a chain (protein) which carries out a specific task set out from the DNA EX. Muscle development, enzymes, hormones |
| How can we determine if a person has a genetic disease? | Through DNA screening |
| What occurs during Phenylketonuria? | The body does not have an enzyme to digest the amino acid phenylalanine found in certain proteins |
| What is the disease PKU dangerous? | It can cause brain damage |
| How do we test for PKU? | Test a baby's blood to see if they have the protein enzyme |
| What is different about the number of chromosomes in Down Syndrome? | Genetic disease occurs when an embryo has an EXTRA chromosome |
| What is the name of the test for Down Syndrome? | Amniocentesis - sac fluid is withdrawn & a micrograph of each of the pairs of chromosomes is taken (this is known as a karyotype - general / visual appearance of number of chromosomes) |
| What is the result of when Huntington Disease affects nerve cells? | A person loses muscle control |
| What is the test for Huntington Disease? | A DNA screening of the individual for the gene. If 1 parent has the gene, you have a 50 % chance of getting the disease. |
| How is a Transgenic organism created? | A genetically modified organism (GMO) genes are altered or genes from other species are inserted |
| What happens during Genetic Engineering? | It is the process of combining genes (DNA) from one organism to another |
| What transgenic organism makes insulin? | Coli Bacteria - inserted with human genes to make insulin which is a hormone that breaks up sugar. People with diabetes CANNOT make this sugar. |
| What example of a transgenic organism is genetically modified by inserting genes from bacteria or with other different crops to produce new fruit? | Oraniwi |
| How do the transgenic organism of fluorescent pigs glow? | Animals are injected w/ modified growth hormones to grow bigger & faster; some are genetically modified to grow human organs EX. Jellyfish DNA to make pigs glow |
| Why does a mutation create an abnormality of the protein the codon makes? | The codon sequence in the gene segment of DNA strand is changed from the order it was in; means protein cannot function properly |
| What causes Genes to mutate? | Mutagens - radiation or substances that causes Genes to mutate - vaping, smoking, eating plastics |
| What are examples of mutagens? | Radiation, vaping, smoking, eating plastics, etc |
| When does a mutagen not change any traits of the organism? | When they affect codons that are NOT in gene segment |
| How do genes clone? | Use scientific methods to make identical, or virtual identical copies of an organism, cell or DNA sequence Molecular cloning - isolating & copying a particular DNA segment for interest in further study |
Created by:
taigey_baigey
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