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DNA Terms

TermDefinition
adenine A component of DNA and RNA, pairing with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.
amino acid The building blocks of proteins, each characterized by an amino group and a carboxyl group.
anticodon A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA, complementary to a codon on mRNA during protein synthesis.
base A substance capable of accepting protons (hydrogen ions) or donating electron pairs.
cell The fundamental unit of life, capable of independent existence and performing various functions.
chromosome Thread-like structures composed of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information.
codon A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA, encoding a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.
cytoplasm The gel-like substance within a cell, containing organelles and cellular structures.
cytosine One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, pairing with guanine.
deoxyribose A sugar molecule forming the backbone of DNA, differing from ribose by lacking one oxygen atom.
differentiation The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function during development.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule carrying genetic instructions for life's development, functioning, and reproduction.
double helix The twisted-ladder structure formed by two strands of nucleotides in DNA.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum An organelle involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum An organelle involved in protein synthesis and processing, studded with ribosomes.
enzyme A biological catalyst speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms.
gene A unit of heredity, composed of DNA and carrying instructions for a particular trait.
Golgi apparatus An organelle involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids.
guanine One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, pairing with cytosine.
hydrogen bond A weak chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, important in DNA and protein structure.
mRNA Messenger RNA, a type of RNA carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
mutation A change in the DNA sequence, potentially altering gene function and phenotype.
nuclear membrane The double membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulating the flow of materials.
nucleic acid A macromolecule, such as DNA or RNA, carrying genetic information.
nucleotide The building block of nucleic acids, comprising a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
nucleus The organelle containing the genetic material of a cell, directing cellular activities.
peptide bond The covalent bond linking amino acids in a protein chain during protein synthesis.
phosphate A chemical compound containing phosphorus and oxygen, critical for energy transfer and nucleic acid structure.
polypeptide A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a protein.
protein synthesis The process of building proteins from amino acids based on the information encoded in DNA.
ribose A sugar molecule forming the backbone of RNA, differing from deoxyribose by having one more oxygen atom.
ribosome The cellular organelle where protein synthesis occurs, composed of RNA and proteins.
RNA Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid molecule essential for various biological roles.
rRNA Ribosomal RNA, a type of RNA forming part of the ribosome and involved in protein synthesis.
start codon The codon (AUG) signaling the start of protein synthesis on mRNA.
stop codon One of three codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) signaling the end of protein synthesis on mRNA.
thymine One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, pairing with adenine.
transcription The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
translation The process of synthesizing a protein from mRNA at the ribosome.
tRNA Transfer RNA, carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
uracil One of the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA, pairing with adenine.
vesicle A small, membrane-bound sac within a cell, involved in transportation and storage.
Created by: brookebiery
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