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Biology EOC Review
Extremely long biology EOC review.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the differences between living and non-living things? : List the 8 characteristics of life. | Made of cells, Reproduce, Grow and develop, Respond to their environment, Based upon a universal code, As a group, change over time Maintains a stable internal environment, Can obtain and use materials and energy. |
| What are the ways that living things get energy to live? | They have a way to break down materials called metabolism. |
| What are some of the ways that living things use energy? | Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Chemosynthesis |
| What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis? | Sweating Panting Shivering Cell Membrane |
| (A) How do biological materials respond to acids and bases? (B) What is a buffer? | (A) Acids have a pH less than 7; bases have a pH greater than 7. (B) Buffers are solutions that prevent sharp changes in pH |
| What element makes all things "organic?" | Carbon |
| What is the function and subunits for Carbohydrates? | Function - Short term energy Subunits - Glucose ~ Monosaccharides CHO (Carbon hydrogen oxygen) |
| What is the function and subunits for Proteins? | Function - Makes up living tissue & organs, also used as enzymes. Subunits - Amino acids CHON (Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen) |
| What is the function and subunits for Lipids? | Function - Long term energy storage, protection, insulation Subunits - Glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains CHO (Carbon hydrogen oxygen) |
| What is the function and subunits for Nucleic Acids? | Function - Stores genetic information Subunits - 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group CHONP (Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus) |
| What is the function of the molecule, Starch? | A macromolecule of sugar used for short term or quick energy. |
| What is the function of the molecule, Cellulose? | A macromolecule of sugar used to make cell walls in plants |
| What is the function of the molecule, Insulin? | A protein used in the breakdown of sugar made by the pancreas. Without it, causes diabetes. |
| What is the function of the molecule, Glycogen? | Storage of excess sugar in the liver and used when glucose levels in the blood is low. (Secondary storage also called animal starch) |
| What is the function of the molecule, Glucose? | A molecule used to create Glycogen, sugars needed by the brain for life functions. |
| What is the function of the molecule, Enzymes? | Proteins used to lower activaiton energy to cause chemical reactions to occur. |
| What is the function of the molecule, Hemoglobin? | The protein used to bind to oxygen to carry it in the red blood cells. |
| What is the function of the molecule, Fats? | Long term energy storage, protection and insulation. |
| What is the function of the molecule, DNA? | Genetic code of life used in replication & transcription. |
| What is the function of the molecule, RNA? | Genetic code of life used in transcription & translation. |
| Starch (A) What is used to test for them? (B) Positive test (C) Example of...? | (A) Iodine (B) When present, goes from brown to red (C) Pasta |
| Lipids (A) What is used to test for them? (B) Positive test (C) Example of...? | (A) Paper bag test (B) When present, causes a greasy stain (C) Chips, butter |
| Monosaccharides (A) What is used to test for them? (B) Positive test (C) Example of...? | (A) Benedicts (B) When heated turns from blue to orange (C) Milk, fruit |
| Protein (A) What is used to test for them? (B) Positive test (C) Example of...? | (A) Biurets (B) When present, turns from blue to purple (C) Meats, some legumes |
| (A) What does the term "membrane bound organelles" mean? (B) What cell type are they found in? | (A) "Tiny organs" with unique functions covered in a membrane (B) They are found in eukaryotic cells only. |
| What are the 3 parts of cell theory? | All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of all living things New cells are produced from preexisting cells. |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | Semi-permeable allowing some molecules in and some out of the cell. |
| What are some functions of proteins, cholesterol, and hydropholic/hydrophobic areas? | @Proteins - Detects materials; channel proteins let certain substances to pass through @Cholesterol - Prevents the sticky phospholipid heads from sticking to one another @Hydropholic areas - Attract water molecules @Hydrophobic areas - Repel water |
| Why must you use stain to look at certain items under the microscope? | Because certain substances/organisms are clear and need stain in order to be visible. |
| How would the letter "e" look through a microscope? | Upside down and backwards. |
| Put the following cells in order from smallest to largest: Organs. tissues, cells, organ systems | Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ systems |
| (A) What structures produce hormones? (B) What is the function of hormones? | (A) Slow acting chemical messengers released by the endocrine system. (B) These chemical substances conrol growth, development and responses to the environment |
| How do hormones travel throughout the body? | Since many hormones are lipids, they pass through cell membranes. |
| Describe the structure of a Nucleus | Located near the center of the cell, it is large and surrounded by the ER. |
| What is the function of a Nucleus? | cONTAINs DNA or the molecule of heredity in the cell. |
| Describe the structure of a Plasma Membrane | Surrounds the cell in animal cells, inner membrane of a plant cell. |
| What is the function of a Plasma Membrane? | **The bouncer!** Allows only certain molecules to pass through. |
| Describe the structure of a Cell Wall | Not found in animal cells, inner membrane of a plant cell. |
| What is the function of a Cell Wall? | Acts as a barrier to keep water in plant cells. |
| Describe the structure of a Mitochondria | Looks like a pea with wavy lines inside of it. |
| What is the function of a Mitochondria? | **Powerhouse!** Acts as the energy production area of the cell. |
| Describe the structure of Vacuoles | A very large and empty area in a plant cell, are smaller in animal cells. |
| What is the function of Vacuoles? | Used as storage for the cell for food, water, etc |
| Describe the structure of Chloroplasts | Not found in animal cells, they are circles with small stacks within them. |
| What is the function of Chloroplasts? | Used in the process of making energy (photosynthesis) for plants. |
| Describe the structure of Ribosomes | Found as small dots located on the ER or in the cytoplasm. |
| What is the function of Ribosomes? | Sites of proteins synthesis, they read RNA to assemble proteins. |
| Which structures are only found in the plant cell? | Cell wall, chloroplasts. |
| Which structures are found only in the animal cell? | Centrioles |
| (A) Which cell is adapted for movement? (B) What structure makes this movement possible? | (A) Sperm (B) Flagella |
| What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement? | Muscle cells, mitochondria. |
| (A) Which (blood) cell has no nucleus? (B) What is the function of this cell? | (A) Red blood cell (B) Carries oxygen in the blood |
| Which cell is involved in the immune system? | White blood cell, center bottom |
| (A) Which helps in movement of bones? (B) What happens in these cells to make that movement possibe? | (A) Muscle cells (B) Mitochondria |
| Which cell is adapted for transmittting messages? How do the messages get from one cell to the next? | Nerve cell, stretched out shape and neurotransmitters. Shape relates to function. |
| In osmosis, water moves from an area of (1)____ concentration of substrate to an area of (2)_____ concentration of substrate. | (1) Lower (2) Higher |
| In diffusion, molecules move from an area of (1)______ to an area of (2)______ concentration. | (1) Higher (2) Lower |
| Which way would water move in each of the following? (A) Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40% (B) Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80% | (A) Water will move inside the cell (B) Water will move outside the cell |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining a balance of chemicals, fluid, etc inside of a living organism. |
| How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider pH, temp, blood glucose, water balance | They use cell membrane (cell wall in plants) as well as stimulus/response, buffers, hormones, cell organelles and internal feedback loops. |
| Requires energy? (Yes/No) (A) Passive transport (B) Active transport | (A) No (B) Yes |
| Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? (A) Passive transport (B) Active transport | (A) High to low (B) Low to high |
| Examples (A) Passive transport (B) Active transport | (A) Osmosis (B) Muslce pumps Possibly more answers that aren't here. |
| How many phosphates does each have? (A) ATP (B) ADP (C) AMP | (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 |
| What cellular process produces ATP? | ATP synthesis in mitochondria |
| What is ATP used for? Give examples. | Making proteins replicating DNA, cell responses, pumps working, muscle contraction. |
| What are the reactants and products for Photosynthesis? | Reactants - Water, sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2) Product - Sugar & Oxygen (O2) |
| Example of photosynthesis? | Plants/Autotrophs/Producers |
| What are the reactants and products for Cellular respiration (aerobic) | Reactants - Sugar & Oxygen (O2) Product - Water, carbon dioxide (CO2), 36 ATP |
| Example of Cellular respiration (aerobic)? | Humans/Heterotrophs/Consumers |
| What are the reactants and products for Cellular respiration (anaerobic) | Reactant - Sugar Products - Carbon dioxide (CO2), 2 ATP |
| Example of Cellular respiration (anaerobic)? | Tired muscles, yeast |
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