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Biology
Finals Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Analogous | Having characterisitics that are simlar because of convergent evolution, not homolgy |
| Stratum | A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them |
| Adaptation | Inherited characterisitic of an organism that enchances it survival and reproduction in a specific environment |
| Homology | Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry |
| Evolution | Descent with modification |
| Evolutionary Tree | A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms |
| Convergent Evolution | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages |
| Homologous Structures | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
| Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
| Intersexual Selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex; also called mate choice |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
| Balancing Selection | Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population |
| Gene Pool | The aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population. The term is also used in a more restricted sense as a the aggregate of alleles for just one or a few loci in a population |
| Adaptive Evolution | A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency over time, resulting in a better match between organisms and their environment |
| Stablizing Selection | Natural secletion in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes |
| Relative Fitness | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population |
| Frequency-Dependent Selection | Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population |
| Disruptive Selection | Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully whan do individuals with intermediate phenotypes |
| Directional Selection | Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survival or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals |
| Sexual Selection | A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates |
| Gene Flow | The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes |
| Intrasexual Selection | A form of natural selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates fo the opposite sex |
| Heterozygous Advantage | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with heterozygous |
| Genetic Drift | A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations |
| Genetic Variation | Differences among individuals in composition of their genes or other DNA sequences |
| Bottleneck Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population |
| Microevolution | Evolutionary change below the species level; change the allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| Allopolyploid | A fertile individual that has more than two chromosome sets as a result of two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes |
| Polyploidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division |
| Ecological Species Concept | Definition of a species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment |
| Morphological Species Concept | Definition of a species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria |
| Reproductive Isolation | The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impeded members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
| Punctuated Equilibria | In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change |
| Macroevolution | Evolutionary change above the species level |
| Species | A population or group of populations whose members havethe potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups |
| Sympatric Speciation | The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area |
| Postzygotic Barrier | A reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults |
| Autopolyploid | An individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species |
| Speciation | An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species |
| Allopatric Speciation | The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another |
| Presygotic Barrier | A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted |
| Biological Species Concept | Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreeed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups |
| Paedomorphosis | The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors |
| Endosymbiosis | A relationship between two species in which one organim lives inside the cell or cells of another organism |
| Adaptive Radiation | Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organism form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities |
| Radiometric Dating | A method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes |
| Stromatolie | Layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together |
| Heterochrony | Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development |
| Protocell | An abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane-like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings |
| Homeotic Gene | Any master of the regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the development fate of group cells |
| Paraphyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendents |
| Ingroup | A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships are being examined in a given analysis |
| Shared Ancestral Character | A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that orginated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade |
| Polyphyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
| Outgroup | A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have divereged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied |
| Shared Derived Character | An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer | The transfere of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms |
| Clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants, equivalent to a monophyletic group |
| Branch Point | The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor |
| Orthologous Genes | Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation |
| Paralogous Genes | Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication |
| Analogy | Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait |
| Monophyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancesotr and all of its descendents, equivalent to a clade |
| Pilus | In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation |
| Endospore | A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions |
| Gram-Negative | Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria |
| Conjugation | The direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are termporarily joined. When the two cells are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer |
| Exotoxin | A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present |
| Plasmid | A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome |
| Mutualism | A +/+ ecological interaction that benefits individuals of both interacting species |
| Symbiont | The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host |
| Biofilm | A surface-coating colony of one or more species of unicellurlar organisms that engage in metabolic cooperation |
| Gram-Positive | Describing the group of bacteria that have cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria |
| Fimbria | A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells |
| Transformation | The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell, when the external DNA transformation results in horizontal gene transfer |
| Transduction | A process in which phages carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species transduction=horizontal gene transfer |
| Nitrogen Fixation | The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants |
| Alteration of Generations | A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicelluar haploid form |
| Isomorphic | Referring to alternative generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike |
| Test | In forma protists, a porous shell consists of a single piece of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate |
| Holdfast | A rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed |
| Locus | Location on the chromosome |
| Allele | The version of a gene at a locus |
| Anagenesis | One species evolves into another, no change in number of species |
| Cladogenesis | Branching evolution, splitting of gene pool: one or more new species |
| Progenesis | Sexual organs/tissues/cells develop faster |
| Neoteny | Somatic organs develop slower |
| Photo- | Light |
| Chemo- | Chemical bonds |
| Litho- | Inorganic electrons |
| Organo- | Organic electrons |
| Auto- | CO2 carbon source |
| Hetero- | Eating organic molecules for carbon source |
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