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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the micro findings of Diabetic glomerulosclerosis? | mesangial expansion, GBM thickening, glomerular sclerosis (in KW nodular form) |
| What are the key clinical findings in osteosarcoma? | mixed areas of radiodense/radiolucent bone; periosteal new bone formation, lifting of cortex, Codman's triangle; commonly in metaphysis of long bone |
| What is globus hystericus? | sensation of lump in throat associated w/ emotional triggers; no apparent clinical findings |
| What is the pathogenesis of gout? | nl: crystals protected by apoE or B; when levels fluctuate or trauma occurs, bare crystals are exposed to IgG Ab --> neutrophil phagocytosis --> inflammatory cascade |
| What types of effects does excess vit A have on fetus? | microcephaly, cardiac anomalies, early epiphyseal closure, growth retardation, spontaneous abortion |
| What causes DNA laddering? | specific endonucleases during karyorrhexis (multiples of 180 bp) |
| What enzymes does Furanocumarin (grapefruit juice) inhibit? | intestinal CYP450s |
| What is at highest risk for injury in AP dislocation of knee? | popliteal artery - located deep in popliteal fossa close to articular surfaces of the joint |
| What is the most likely organism implicated in endometritis? | Bacteroides |
| What happens after ligand-binding to tyrosine kinase receptor? | receptor dimerizes and conformation change allows each to phosphorylate each other |
| What drugs cause hypersensitivity vasculitis? | pens, cephs, sulfonamides, phenytoin, allopurinol |
| What metabolic abnormalities occur in DKA? | met acidosis, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia |
| Where does intraventricular hemorrhage occur in a premature infant? | germinal matrix (generates neurons and glial during development); highly cellular and vascular structure |
| What enzymatic modification allows anchoring to the plasma membrane? | palmitoylation incr hydrophobicity |
| What explains the different presentations of Duchenne's and Becker's MD although they both have a mutation in dystrophin gene? | allelic heterogeneity - Duchenne's is complete loss while Becker's is structurally abnormal |
| What is the defect in Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia? | defective tyrosine kinase gene - no B cell maturation |
| What are the signal peptides that designate proteins for extrusion into the RER? | N-terminal hydrophobic sequences 15-20 AA long; if absent, proteins accumulate in cytosol |
| What product from Sertoli cells is necessary to maintain the high local concentration of testosterone necessary for nl sperm production and development? | ABP |
| What are the functions of platelet activating factor? | phospholipid inflammatory mediator that causes severe bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, and plt aggregation w/ microthrombus formation |
| What is the most common defect in beta-oxidation of FA? | medium chain acyl coA dehydrogenase; sx: n/v and hypoglycemia after prolonged fasting, low ketone levels |
| Where do Poxviruses replicate? | cytosol using multiple virally-encoded enzymes |
| What causes conduction aphasia? | lesion in arcuate fasciculus in the insula |
| What aids in cell differentiation? | transcription factors |
| What does a mutation in homeobox gene result in? | Hand-foot-genital syndrome; clinodactyly, shortened thumbs and great toes, small feet,urinary tract abnormailites (bicornuate uterus, hypospadias) |
| What is Waardenburg syndrome? | Pax-3 mutation; heterochroma irides, poliosis, dystopia canthorum, deafness |
| What happens during cooling step of PCR? | primer hybridization (binds to ssDNA) |
| What is the most common location for acoustic schwannoma? | pontocerebellar angle |
| What is the most common location for a meningioma? | lateral hemispheric fissure and parasagittal aspect of brain convexity |
| What are the CSF characteristics of Bacterial meningitis? | low glucose, high protein, neutrophilic predominance |
| Where is the majority of total frictional airway resistance localized? | medium and small sized bronchioles > 2 mm diameter |
| What do auer rods stain (+) for? | myeloperoxidase |
| When is Cidofovir used? | HSV/VZV when strains lack thymidine kinase; it is a monophosphate that only needs activation by host phosphorylases |
| What is the most likely cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis in children? | adenovirus serotype 11 and 12 |
| What cellular changes occur in the axonal reaction? | enlarged rounded cell body w/ peripherally located nuclei and dispersed Nissl substance to periphery of cells |
| What is Rituximab? | monoclonal Ab directed against CD20 Ag; used to tx lymphomas |
| What is a side effect of Trazodone, a highly sedating antidepressant? | priapism |
| In the lungs, what is released from Hgb? | protons |
| What is responsible for Ca efflux prior to myocyte relaxation? | Ca ATPase and Na/Ca exchanger |
| What is the formula for F on a plasma conc vs time curve? | AUC oral x IV dose/ AUC IV x oral dose |
| What bacteria contains polar granules that stain deeply w/ aniline dyes? | C. diptheriae |
| What is used to screen for neural tube defects? | acetylcholinesterase and AFP |
| What is defective in hyperIgM syndrome? | CD40L of T helper cells |
| What is the most common benign tumor of the liver? | cavernous hemangioma; blood-filled vascular spaces of variable size lined by a single epithelial cell later |
| What is the path of the great saphenous vein? | medial malleolus --> medial leg --> drains into femoral vein just below pubic tubercle |
| What is the formula for attributable risk percentage? | ARP = (RR - 1)/RR |
| What causes hemorrhagic cystitis during therapy w/ Cyclophosphamide? | urinary excretion of toxic metabolite acrolein (prevented w/ Mesna, hydration) |
| What can cause SCID? | defective IL-2 receptor, failure to synthesize MHCII, ADA deficiency |
| When does the adult kidney form? | 5-6th wk gestation from the ureteric bud (derived from the mesonephric duct and the metaneprhic mesoderm) |
| What are the clinical findings of glucagonoma? | necrolytic migratory erythema (elevated erythematous rash in groin), hyperglycemia, stomatitis, cheilosis, abdominal pain |
| What is Eisenmenger syndrome? | late-onset reversal of L-->R shunt due to pulmonary vascular sclerosis resulting from chronic pulmonary HTN (laminated hypertrophy from incr blood flow) |
| Where are the very long chain fatty acids metabolized? | peroxisomes |
| What is Zellweger syndrome? | disease of peroxisomes, unable to properly form myelin; sx: hypotonia and seizures |
| What are the common muscle biopsy findings of hypothyroidism? | pale muscle fibers, decr striations, deposition of mucinous material |
| What is the formula for odds ration? | ad/bc (create 2x2) |
| What is pure red cell aplasia? | marrow failure characterized by marked hypoplasia of marrow erythroid elements and nl granulopoiesis and thrombopoiesis; associated w/ thymoma and B19 infection |
| What are Pick bodies? | cytoplasmic inclusions of microtubule-associated protein tau |
Created by:
ash0403
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