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GEO 101
Chapters 21-24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 factors that lead to soil development | parent material, climate, relief, organisms and time |
| dark brown to black soil color | indicates humus (ex. black prairie soils) |
| red or yellow soil color | indicates iron (ex. moist tropical soils) |
| white flecks or spots in soil | indicates calcium |
| soil texture | particle size based on the amounts of silt, sand and clay |
| soil colloids | particles of clay and organic matter |
| charge of soil colloids | negative (they attract positively charged ions which plants need) |
| how soil colloids retain nutrients? | the properties are held by the iron until plants take them up |
| loam | soil that is made up of sand, silt, and a smaller amount of clay |
| distinct traits of soil horizons | color, texture, structure, consistence, and porosity |
| orientation of soil horizons | typically parallel to the ground |
| what layer of soils are studied? | all of them, from surface to bedrock |
| O | organic |
| A | humus/topsoil |
| the soil horizons | O, A, E, B, C, and R |
| E | minerals/eluviated horizon |
| B | colloids/subsoil |
| C | deposits or weathered material/parent material |
| R | unweathered bedrock |
| vertisols | contain a lot of montmorillonite clay. shrinks when it dries and swells when water is added, churning the soil and blurring the lines between the horizons |
| atmospheric carbon dioxide | 410-420 parts per million (ppm) |
| ways energy flows through an ecosystem | the food web, photosynthesis and respiration, net primary production and climate, biomass as an energy source, and the carbon cycle |
| primary producers | plants, use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to create carbohydrates |
| consumers | all other organisms |
| primary consumers | herbivores |
| decomposers | consume detritus |
| biomass | the accumulated net production from photosynthesis, typical units are average grams/square meter per year |
| net primary production | annual yield of useful energy produced by an ecosystem |
| lands with most net primary production | rainforest of the equatorial zone and freshwater swamps and marshes |
| lands with least net primary production | extreme desert and lakes and streams |
| oceans with most net primary production | algal beds and reefs and estuaries (tidal) |
| oceans with least net primary production | open ocean and continental shelf |
| human activities that impact the carbon cycle | burning fossil fuels, changing land use and using limestone to make concrete |
| ocean acidification | the lowering of the ocean's pH as the ocean absorbs the carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels. this harms marine organisms |
| photosynthesis | water + carbon dioxide + light energy = glucose + oxygen |
| respiration | glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + chemical energy |
| gross photosynthesis | total amount of carbohydrate produced |
| net photosynthesis | amount of carbohydrate remaining after respiration (net photosynthesis = gross photosynthesis - respiration) |
| light | controls seasonal activity through photoperiod or daylight length |
| wind | distorts tree growth |
| changes in day length | impacts a variety of animals |
| changes in season | impacts deciduous vegetation in mid-latitudes (ex. trees that lose their leaves in the fall) |
| bioclimatic frontier | an aera where there is a critical level of climatic stress, exceeding the level to which a species can survive with (ex. distribution of ponderosa pine controlled by rainfall) |
| geomorphic factor that impacts ecosystems | topography |
| slope steepness | the angle that the ground surface makes with respect to the horizontal plane |
| slope aspect | the orientation of a sloping ground with respect to geographic north |
| relief | the difference in elevation divides and valley bottoms |
| edaphic factors | soil conditions such as: texture, structure, humus content, soil horizon development, alkalinity and acidity, salinity, and soil animals |
| interspecific competition | negative interaction between different species |
| intraspecific competition | competition between individuals of the same species |
| predation | one species feeds upon another |
| parasitism | one species gains nutrition from another without the immediate death of the host |
| herbivory | grazing of plants |
| allelopathy | chemical toxins produced by a plant that inhibit the growth of another (ex. knotweed) |
| climax community | the final stable/near equilibrium community in an ecological succession |
| ecological succession | the periodic changes in species composition, structure, and architecture of a given area |
| pioneer species | the species that invade a bare area. these are well adapted to dry soil conditions and are able to withstand temperature extremes |
| biographic regions | same or closely related plants and animals that are typically found together |
| biodiversity | the number of specific in a given area; the variety of life on earth. this is rapidly decreasing |
| biomes | the largest recognizable subdivision of terrestrial ecosystems |
| types of biomes | forest, savanna, grassland, desert, and tundra |
| what is the greatest storage pool for carbon in the earth system? | soil |
| what is the largest carbon flux in the earth system | atmosphere to vegetation |
| which storage pool is the smallest but has the greatest flux? | plants and soils |
| what causes large fluctuations in animal species populations in boreal forests? | low diversity and a highly variable environment |
| what is an important edaphic factor in differentiating habitat? | humus content |
| what is it called when precipitation exceeds water use in the soil water budget | a water surplus |
| leaching | seeping water dissolves soil materials and moves them to deeper soil levels or to the groundwater |
| what is the ecosystem in which net primary production is the highest? | fresh water swamps and marshes |
| soil composition | 25% air, 45% inorganic, 25% water and 5% organic |
| particle sizes | sand, silt and clay |
| acidic soils | can lead to nutrient leaching as acids replace the nutrient bases |
| four types of soil structure | blocky (compact and flat), platy (thin and parallel), prismatic (large and vertical) and granular (small) |
| soil consistence | a combination of soil structure and soil texture |
| porosity | the flow of water through the soil |
| translocation | the movement of dissolved material or small particles by water |
| eluviation | material is removed from a horizon |
| illuviation | material is moved into a horizon |
| 3 soil groups | soils with no or poorly developed horizons, soils with large portions of organic matter, and soils with well developed horizons |
| 11 soil orders | aridisols, millisols, alfisols, spodosols, ultisols, oxisols, vertisols, histosols, entisols, inceptisols, and andisols |
| ecological biogeography | environmental impact on spatial distributions |
| historical biogeography | how spatial distributions change over time |
| energy loss in the food web | between each level, only 10% of energy is moved with the rest being lost in respiration |
| pools | points where elements remain, can be either short-term or long-term |
| biogeochemical cycles | nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, sedimentary cycle and hydrological cycle |
| global carbon flux | carbon exchanged between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and lithosphere |
| flux units | gigatons of carbon per year |
| human activities and carbon dioxide | far more carbon dioxide is present than that which can be handled by the carbon cycle |
| symbiosis | positive interactions between species |
| commensalism | one species benefitted and one was unaffected |
| protocooperation | both species benefitted |
| mutualism | one or both species cannot survive alone |
| primary succession | all previous vegetation is removed |
| secondary succession | some remnants of the prior ecosystem remain |
| old field succession | on abandoned farmland |
| 4 key aspects of natural selection | variation, inheritance, selection and time |
| speciation | process by which species are differentiated and maintained |
| allopatric speciation | when species undergo genetic drift to adapt to different conditions |
| major types of forest | low latitude, monsoon, subtropical evergreen, midlatitude deciduous, needleleaf, sclerophyll and boreal |
| vegetation transects | the succession of plant formation classes across climatic gradients |
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