Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
SOC TEST #4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between endogamy, exogamy, and homogamy? | Endogamy is marriage between people of the same social category, exogamy is marriage between people of different social categories and homogamy is marriage between people with the same social characteristics. |
| What are: Patrilineal descent, matrilineal descent, and bilateral descent? | Patrilineal descent is lineage traced through the man , matrilineal, the woman, and bilateral descent is both |
| Structural-Functional Theory (family) | the family performs many vital tasks - “family is the backbone of society" (Socialization, incest taboo social placement, emotional security) |
| Micro-Level Theories: symbolic-interaction theory, social-exchange theory (family) | Symbolic-interaction Theory: families build emotional bonds, establish authority Social-exchange Theory: describes marriage as a form of negotiation - people “shop” for the best “deal” (partner) |
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories (family) | focuses on how the family perpetuates social inequality Property and inheritance - Generational wealth Patriarchy: families transform women into the sexual and economic property of men |
| How does industrialization impact having children? | Industrialization transforms children from an asset to a liability (people in preindustrial societies often have more children) trend of small families → high-income nations |
| Lillian Rubin (family and marriage) | Interviewed women: working-class women thought that a good husband was the bare minimum, Middle-class wives assumed that the husband would be bare minimum, and more –expectations and marriage are linked to social class |
| Jessie Bernard (family and marriage) | Two different relationships: the woman’s marriage + the man’s marriage. |
| What are the 3 things that affect a marriage? | Social class, Ethnicity and race , Gender |
| Profane | included as an ordinary element of everyday life |
| Structural-Functional Theory (religion) | In practicing religion, people celebrate the awesome power of their society |
| What are the 3 ways religion contributes to society according to Durkheim? | 1. Establishing social cohesion: unites people through values 2. Promoting social control: forces people to follow cultural norms 3. Provides meaning and purpose |
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory (religion) | Religion (like all of society) is socially constructed - through rituals like prayer or Passover |
| Peter Berger (in association with Symbolic-Interaction Theory (religion)) | aligning ourselves with a “cosmic frame of reference” gives us the appearance of “ultimate security and permanence.” |
| Social-Conflict Theory (religion): | Focuses on religion’s support of social inequality (Ex- the British monarch is also the head of the Church of England showcasing the political ties between elites and religion) |
| Feminist Theory (religion): | Religion and social inequality are also linked through gender because virtually all the world’s major religions are patriarchal. (Ex- the Qur’an gives men social dominance over women) |
| What were Max Weber's ideas relating religion to industrialization? | Specific religious ideas were the force that set into motion a wave of change that brought about the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. (Calvinists) |
| Liberation theology | Combining Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist. (historically oppressed people turn to Christianity) |
| Sect | A type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society. |
| Animism | the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity |
| Civil religion + theorist | Robert Bellah - a quasi-religious loyalty linking individuals in a basically secular society - religious qualities continue to exist in everyday culture |
| Progressive education + theorist | John Dewey- having the schools make learning relevant to people’s lives |
| Structural-Functionalist Theory (education) | this theory focuses on the ways that schooling supports the smooth operation and stability of society |
| Symbolic Interaction Theory (education) | Use this approach to explain how stereotypes can shape what goes on in the classroom |
| Describe Jane Elliott's experiment and what theories it is linked to | Symbolic Interaction Theory- Jane Elliott set up an experiment separating the blue-eyed students from the brown-eyed ones (in line with Thomas Theorem) |
| Social Conflict Theory (education) | this approach emphasizes 3 ways in which school causes and perpetuates social inequality Social control, standardized testing and tracking |
| Problems and Issues in U.S. Education | Discipline and violence, student passivity (boredom) Grade inflation: the C grade (which used to mean “average School Choice - no competition in the schools Homeschooling Schooling for people with disabilities Teacher shortage |
| Describe how student passivity is seen in college | Passivity is also seen in college David Karp and William Yoels found that even in small classes, students were quiet – students see their role as just notetaking, not talking |
| Functional illiteracy | A lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living, |
| What are some pros and cons of Common Core State Standards? | Supporters say that teaches basic skills and makes teachers more accountable but critics fear the rile the federal government has in schooling and don’t like the “one size fits all” mentality |
| What are Theodore Sizer's 5 ways in which large, bureaucratic schools undermine education? (describe each) | Rigid uniformity, numerical ratings, rigid expectations, specialization, and little individual responsibility |
| What are the 4 ways society affects people’s health? | 1. Cultural patterns define health 2. Cultural standards of health change over time 3. A society’s technology affects people’s health 4. Social inequality affects people’s health |
| Social epidemiology | The study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population |
| Holistic medicine | An approach to health care that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment – focuses on the health rather than the disease |
| Socialized medicine | a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians (Sweden) |
| What system does the US use for health care and what consequences does it have. | The United States uses a direct-fee system: a medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals. → inequality |
| Structural-Functional Theory (health and medicine) | Illness is dysfunctional because it undermines people’s abilities to perform their roles |
| Sick role and the theory it relates to | Patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill – excuses people from work/school - Structural-Functional Theory |
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory (health and medicine) | Health and medical care are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction Ex) You might ignore a migraine on vacation but might contact a professor to skip class for the same pain |
| How is the Symbolic-Interaction Theory related to society (health and medicine)? | Societies define “health” and “illness” differently according to their living standards. Because health and illness are socially constructed concepts, people in a poor society may view malnutrition as normal. |
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories (health and medicine) | connection between health and social inequality - link patterns of health to capitalism There are 3 things that researchers focus on – access to medical care, the effects of the profit motive, and the politics of medicin |
| Crude birth rate | The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population |
| Sex ratio | The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population. - women tend to live longer so the sex ratio at a nursing home is around the late ’80s (it is usually 97 men to 100 women) |
| Age-sex pyramid | A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population. |
| Malthusian Theory | Thomas Robert Malthus warned that population increase (in geometric progression 2,4,8,16…) would soon lead to social chaos |
| Demographic transition theory | a thesis that links population patterns to a society’s level of technological development. → links population change to a society’s level of technological development. |
| What are the first 2 stages of the Demographic transition theory? | Stage 1- Preindustrial societies have high birth rates and high death rates Stage 2- Due to industrialization death rates fall but birth rates increase (population growth) |
| What are the final 2 stages of Demographic transition theory? | Stage 3- In the mature industrial society, the birthrate drops (children went from assets to liabilities), and smaller families Stage 4- Post-industrial society: birthrate keeps dropping, dual-income couples become the norm |
| Urbanization | The concentration of the population into cities. – redistributes population within a society and transforms many patterns of social life |
| How did the Industrial Revolution impact Urbanization? | The Industrial Revolution triggered a second urban revolution - factories unleashed productive power causing cities to grow |
| What are Paul Goldberger's ideas on urbanization? | Paul Goldberger talks about the decline of central cities which leads to a decline in public spaces (public squares and streets are now shopping malls and gated communities) |
| What are Emile Durkheim's thoughts on how urbanization impacts social bonds? | Urban people do not lack social bonds, they simply organize social life differently than rural people |
| What is the difference between Emile Durkheim's mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity? | Mechanical solidarity: social bonds based on common sentiments/moral values (LIKENESS) Organic solidarity: social bonds based on specialization and independence (DIFFERENCES) |
| What are Georg Simmel's on urbanization and attitudes? | To prevent being overwhelmed, urban people develop a blasé attitude, tuning out what is around them (like how city people just walk past homeless people without a wink) |
| Urban ecology | The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities |
| What do sociologist believe is happening right now in regards to urbanization? | After the two urban revolutions, sociologists believe that a third urban revolution is underway with urbanization in low-income nations |
Created by:
haleyr28
Popular Science sets