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1SATBio_Facts
Assorted SATBIO memory joggers, facts, and scraps of info.
| Question | |
|---|---|
| (0.8)^2 + 2(0.8)(0.2) + (0.2)^2 = Hardy-Weinberg equation | |
| Chlorophyll = catalyst for photosynthesis. | |
| Photosynthesis needs: light, chloroplasts, water, chlorophyll, CO2 | |
| Genetic mutations: point, silent, insertion, deletion, frameshift. | |
| Remember: DNA/RNA made of different sugars! Deoxyribulose and Ribulose! | |
| Prokaryotes: cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall, often plasmids | |
| In prokaryotes, photosynthesis and cell respiration occur in structures at plasma membrane. | |
| Osmosis - essentially simple water diffusion with a barrier for solutes. | |
| Lamarck's "Theory of Acquired Traits" says traits gained over lifetime are passed on to offspring. False - only traits in gametes. | |
| Experiments are strengthened by identifying and controlling variables. | |
| Bacteria can be chemotrophs, phototrophs, or heterotrophs. | |
| Retroviruses have RNA, and undergo lysogenic life cycle. Need DNA for dormancy; make RNA-dependent DNA polymerase w/ "reverse transcriptase." | |
| RNA viruses (lytic cycle) need RNA to replicate; make RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. | |
| Acids have an excess of H+ ions, while Bases have an excess of OH- ions. | |
| Identify substance targeted: Amylase, Pepsin, Trypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Bile | |
| -ase = an enzyme. Eg. ligase, lipase | |
| Acetylcholine - main neurotransmitter. | |
| The genetic code is considered "degenerate" because multiple codons code for only one amino acid (codons don't reach their full potential). | |
| Staggered restriction enzymes -> sticky ends. Blunt restriction enzymes -> no sticky ends, attach to any other "blunt ends." | |
| Norapinephrine - in the endocrine system, acts slower (as a hormone) than its role as a neurotransmitter. | |
| Iodine - necessary for the thyroid gland for metabolism. | |
| Blood pH = rougly from 7.45 to 7.55. | |
| Blood clotting requires: vitamin K, platelets, thrombin, calcium. | |
| Ground tissue - formed from meristem, it transports, supports, stores carbohydrates, and performs photosynthesis. | |
| Way to classify species: (in italics) Meleagris gallopovo. | |
| All life must: perform cell respiration, regulate internal environment, reproduce, pass traits to offspring. Need proteins, genetic material, water. | |
| Organism has diploid #cells; haploid # only in gametes. | |
| Mutations caused by random events. | |
| "Jumping genes" - genes that are copied and inserted from one section of gene to another. Eg. multi-colored corn. | |
| Homologous structures - similar structure, different function. Analogous structures - similar functions, different structure. | |
| "Inserting" = sister chromatid piece breaks off and inserts itself onto another chromatid. | |
| Large areas better preserve biodiversity. | |
| Electron transport chain in photosynthesis still produces ATP. | |
| Antibiotics break down cell walls; work on bacteria, not viruses. | |
| Asexual reproduction methods: fragmentation, binary fission, cloning, budding, vegetative growth, parthenogenesis, spores. | |
| Plants use oxygen for cell respiration at night - no light. | |
| Best way to find what alleles a plant has - self pollination. | |
| Sporophyte - structure that makes spores, which are haploid & unicellular. | |
| Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have: plasma membrane, DNA, mini-ribosomes, and can do binary fission. | |
| Calvin cycle products - G3P, NADP+ | |
| Types of reproductive isolation: temporal, behavioral, mechanical, hybrid sterility, niche overlap. | |
| Protein syntehsis occurs in the cytoplasm. | |
| Germ cells = gametes, and thus haploid. | |
| Brain controls respiration by finding pH; determined by CO2 level in blood. | |
| Vagus nerve - in the autonomic nervous system, pacemaker for the heart, from medulla. | |
| 10% energy loss between trophic levels is caused by respiration. | |
| Trophic pyramids = not always accurate compared to food web. Remember - 10% energy loss *if only eat level below.* | |
| Estrogen builds the uterine wall; corpus luteum secretes progesterone to continue building it after ovulation. | |
| Embryos grow grooves in neck, supposedly "gills." | |
| Phloem is living tissue, because of active transport of nutrients. Xylem is dead - transports water with pressure. | |
| Synapse - the cleft between neuron/neuron or a neuron/muscle. | |
| Stamen is the male reproductive plant organ (anther/filament), while the pistil is the female one (stigma, style, ovule, pollen tube) | |
| Two Chambered Heart: fish. Three C.H.: amphibians, smaller reptiles. Four C.H.: birds, large reptiles, humans. | |
| Contractile vacuoles - only work when accustomed to outside water concentration. Eg. saltwater ones don't work in freshwater. | |
| DNA - in eukaryotes. RNA - in prokaryotes and retroviruses. | |
| Emulsification (eg. Bile) makes fat into smaller globules for absorption - not actually digesting. | |
| Stabilizing selection - population adapts and stabilizes (rests) on a certain trait. | |
| Direction selection - alleles shift and focus on one "direction" (or trait), expressed in a single phenotype. | |
| Balancing selection - multiple forms of an allele maintained in gene pool. | |
| Purifying selection - gets rid of bad (unfit) alleles. | |
| Disruptive selection - only "chooses" the extreme form of alleles. | |
| Need equal concentrations in RNA/DNA of the nitrogen-base pairs A & T/U, C & G. | |
| "Degradation" = opposite of ecological succession. | |
| A catalyst: lowers needed activation energy, speeds up process, creates heat, and is not used up. Opposite of a catalyst = "inhibitor." | |
| Cerebellum - muscles/motor coordination, cerebrum - thought, medulla - w/ brainstem for involuntary stuff, hypothalamus - body homeostasis. | |
| When reading population graphs - predators slow growth or shrink size of a population. | |
| Problems in individuals do -not- affect the whole population. | |
| Ventricles - main blood pumpers. Left ventricle pumps blood to rest of body. | |
| Fitness - ability to contribute to next gen.'s gene pool. Most fit are ones that already have fertile offspring. | |
| Prophase - chromosomes clump and you can see them in the middle. | |
| Petiole = leaf stem. Root hair = slim projections in roots to absorb water/minerals. | |
| "Germ cell" refers to cells that develop into the 4 gametes. Spermatogonium - leads to 4 sperm, total of 92 chromosomes. | |
| Insight learning (aka "Intuition reasoning") = organism *discovers* solution to new solution beyond associative response. eg. using stick to reach food. | |
| Selection pressure - environmental and genetic factors affecting survival rate. Part of natural selection. | |
| Genetic drift = random shift of alleles in a population. *NOT* directional selection. | |
| Synthesize = to produce a chemical compound. Eg. Plants use ammonia to synthesize methionine, an amino acid. | |
| Ammonification = makes ammonia from decomposing matter. | |
| Nitrification = processing ammonia into nitrogen compounds. | |
| Denitrification = makes ammonia into gaseous nitrogen. | |
| Protein molecules in the phospholipid bilayer can move for active transport. | |
| Lutenizing Hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and thus the corpus luteum. | |
| Rigid cells in plants that take potassium & water = guard cells. | |
| Parenchyma cells - living cells with versatile duties. including photosynthesis, storage for starch and sugar, and transport. | |
| Sclerenchyma cells - strong, hollow, and dead cells that are used for structure. | |
| Remember - 4 different phenotypes for dihybrid crosses! Combinations of A/a and B/b. | |
| Nucleus has a lipid bilayer that keeps proteins in. | |
| Probability for a boy or girl - 50%! *Trick question*. | |
| Eggs that are fertilized by multiple sperm -> more mitotic spindles -> abnormal number of chromosomes. | |
| Today's human population is growing exponentially. | |
| To eliminate a species: purge food, killt it, or destroy habitat. | |
| Mammals evolved from reptiles. | |
| Enzymes can require other factors or coenzymes for activation. | |
| Sperm - travel by energy from their mitochondrion. | |
| Echinoderms - Radial symmetry, tube feet, and a watery vascular system. | |
| Be careful in matching circles to answers! | |
| Kidneys eliminate waste, make urine, regulate salt excretion, and maintain water balance. | |
| For the word "infer," don't speculate too much! | |
| Keep 1st answer unless you have a good reason to. | |
| Be careful with trophic levels! Especially primary consumer vs. primary producers vs. secondary consumers. | |
| "Adaptive Radiation" = single ancestor 'radiating' into different species. | |
| Plant seeds - travel by wind, water, or animals. | |
| Read carefully and underline key words in question! | |
| Karyotypes - chart of chromosomes The number under each one = the number of the chromosome (except for X/Y). Don't show mutations, individual DNA, or genes. | |
| "Heritable Variation" = the genetic-caused phenotype variation in a population. | |
| "Autosomal" = refering to non-sex chromosomes. | |
| Homologous chromosomes = the paired chromosomes in meiosis. | |
| Law of Segregation - these copies separate, so a gamete only receives 1 chromosome and only 1 allele. | |
| Law of Independent Assortment - the random assortment of alleles. For example, in humans, say you have 4 gametes and the alleles T/t and Y/y. You can get the random combinations (like TY, tY, Ty, ty) for each of the 4 gametes. | |
| Mitotic cycle of phases: "S phase" = replication of chromosomes. "G1 phase" = cell growth along with S phase. "G2" = more growth for mitosis. "M" = mitosis. | |
| Phosphorus cycle - Farming & livestock phosphates, along with phosphate rock erosion, runoff to water, which then becomes sediments, which then becomes phosphate rocks again. Never in a gas form, in sky as dust. | |
| Nitrogen cycle - nitrogen-fixing legume nodule bacteria "ammonify" nitrogen gas into ammonia. Decomposers also contribute. Other bacteria "nitrify" ammonia into nitrites, which are "denitrified" by other bacteria to make gas again. | |
| Binomial nomenclature - (italics) Homo sapiens. "Homo" = genus, "sapiens" = species. First always capitalized, second never. Higher taxa never capitalized. | |
| All chordates have a backbone, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a nervous system. |
Created by:
jazzhands1
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