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Enzymes + Metabolism
Foundations of Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Potential Energy (Stored)? | Brought by chemical bonds + molecules. |
| What is Kinetic Energy (Motion)? | Broken down into mechanical energy to do work; synthesis reaction. |
| What is Transport Work? | Pump substances across the cell membrane. |
| What is Mechanical Work? | Muscle contraction; movement of cells. |
| What is Biochemical Work? | Metabolism; energy is required to put macromolecules in an ordered state. |
| What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics? | -Loss of useable energy, loss energy from heat (light energy from the sun transferred to plant molecules). -Broken down bonds in solar respiration |
| What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? | -Molecules naturally move from a state of order to disorder. |
| What is Entropy? | -Measure of the amount of disorder within a molecule. -To put molecules back together requires energy. |
| What happens in Oxidation? | Lose electrons |
| What happens in Reduction? | Gain electrons |
| What happens in Cellular Respiration? | -Molecules that loses electrons becomes positive as it loses the negatively charged electrons. -Electrons have a negative charge, so whatever the molecule gained from the electron is reduced. |
| What happens in Exergonic Reaction? | Releases energy that can be used later in Endergonic Reaction. |
| What happens in Endergonic Reaction? | Requires the input of energy (i.e., high to low entropy) |
| What happens in ATP? | -When the outer most phosphate is released, energy is released that can be used to do work under Endergonic Reaction. -ATP can be regenerated with the regained phosphate. |
| What would happen if a reactant molecule with a different shape to the enzyme came into contact with the enzyme's active site? | The reactant would not bind to the active site and no reaction would occur. |
| Name two factors that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. | Temperature, pH |
| What do you think would happen to an enzyme's reaction rate if the temperature or pH changed significantly beyond the enzyme's optimum level? | The enzyme will lose its shape, slow activity, or even stop working. |
| What does Glycolysis start with? | Glucose |
| What does Glycolysis end with? | 2 Pyruvate |
| What reaction is made in Glycolysis? | 4 ATP; use 2= Net Gain 2 |
| What does the Transition Step start with? | 2 Pyruvate |
| What does the Transition Step end with? | 2 Aceytl CoA |
| What reaction is made in the Transition Step? | 2 CO2s, NADH |
| What does the Krebs Cycle start with? | 2 Aceytl CoA |
| What does the Krebs Cycle end with? | NADH, FADH2, ATP |
| What reaction is made in the Krebs Cycle? | 4 Oxaloacetic Acid, 4 Citric Acid + 4 Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid= 2 CO2s, NADH, and 4 Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid + Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid= 2 CO2s, NADH |
| What is the start of the ETC? | NADH, FADH2 |
| What | -Hydrogens and Electrons split + Protons go out the membrane -Then go back in through ATP syntheses (spins, then grabs ADP + a Phosphate to make ATP) -After that, electrons are transported through the chain (has high energy) |
| What happens at the end of ETC? | -Come back in + connect with the Hydrogen + Oxygen to reduce + make water -Oxygen is the final electron acceptor; when NADH is released= NAD+, when FADH2 is released= FAD+ |
| What is the overall goal of Fermentation? | Wants to get rid of the Hydrogen Proton that is on the NADH b/c NADH needs to become NAD+ in order to restart Glycolysis + bring in even more Hydrogen Protons for the ETC. |
| What happens at the end of Fermentation? | -No electron transport chain; organic molecule= final acceptor -Ends in max. of 2 ATPs |
| What is the final electron acceptor when oxygen is present in Aerobic Respiration? | Oxygen |
| What is the final electron acceptor when no oxygen is present in Anaerobic Respiration? | Nonoxygen electron acceptors (i.e., Iron, Sulfate, Sulfur...) |
Created by:
mckinnlyp
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