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AP Bio Unit 5 Heredi
| Question | |
|---|---|
| Heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| genes | DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. |
| mutations | Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity. |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes |
| asexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. |
| sexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism |
| karyotype | A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. |
| somatic cells | body cells |
| gametic cells | sex cells |
| diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes |
| autosomes | non-sex chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human |
| life cycle | All of the events in the growth and development of an organism until the organism reaches sexual maturity. |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| clones | identical genetic copies |
| meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| synapsis | the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| tetrad | structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| chiasmata | site of crossing over |
| crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. |
| independent assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis |
| anaphase | Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
| prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis |
| telophase | the final phase of cell division |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
| true breeding | Organisms that |
| P Generation | Parental generation |
| F1 Generation | the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms |
| F2 Generation | the second generation of offspring |
| Multiplication Rule | determines the likelihood of inheriting multiple |
| Law of Segregation | first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random |
| Addition Rule | calculate the likelihood of either one of two independent events occurring |
| recessive | trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait |
| alleles | alternative versions of a gene |
| heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| dominant | An allele that is always expressed |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| pedigree | A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family. |
| incomplete dominance | A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles |
| polygenic inheritance | An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. |
| multiple alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait |
| epistasis | A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited. |
| x-linked | referring to a gene located on the X chromosome |
| codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| y-linked | The pattern of inheritance that results from genes located only on the Y chromosome. |
| hemizygous | the presence of only one allele for a characteristic |
| Barr body | Inactivated X chromosome |
| recombinants | offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents |
| linkage map | A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. |
| Chi square | a common statistic used to analyze nominal and ordinal data to find differences between groups |
| phenotypic plasticity | the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment. |
| nondisjunction | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other. |
Created by:
KellyKirvin
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