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bio test 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| characteristics of animals | eukaryotic (nucleus), heterotrophic (eats other organisms), multicellular, no cell walls, distinct pattern of embryotic development |
| body plan | classification of animals based on body structure, 3 types |
| 3 types of body plans | no symmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry |
| no symmetry body plan group and example | porifera, ex: sponges |
| radial symmetry body plan group and example | cnidarians, ex: jellyfish |
| bilateral symmetry body plan group and example | bilaterians, ex: humans |
| closest relative of animals | choanoflagellates |
| order of phylogeny/what evolved | multicellularity/gastrulation (embryotic devel.)/collagen, sponges, radial symmetry, cnidarians, bilateral symmetry/complex organs, bilaterians |
| cephalization | concentration of nervous tissue and specialized sensory organs on one side of the body (head) |
| why is cephalization beneficial | shorter distance between organs makes sensory response faster |
| how are bilaterians classified? | by how they develop (deuterostomes and protostomes) |
| deuterostomes | blastopore develops into the anus ex: chordates and echinoderms (starfish, sand dollars) |
| bilaterian development cycle | blastula -> blastopore opening -> mouth or anus |
| protostomes | blastopore develops into the mouth ex: worms, mollusks, arthropods |
| blastula | the ball of cells than animals start out as |
| blastopore | channel through the blastula that develops into the mouth or anus |
| functions of life | reproduction, self-maintenance, self-regulation, support/movement |
| levels of organization | organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule |
| cell | smallest unit that can carry out life functions |
| tissue | group of cells with similar structure and function |
| organ | two or more tissues organized to perform a specific function |
| organ system | collection of organs that interact to accomplish a common activity |
| homeostasis | the process by which animals regulate their internal environment to maintain a dynamic, steady state |
| what does homeostasis regulate | temperature, pH, O2, CO2, waste products, volume, pressure, water, salt, electrolytes, social parameters |
| negative feedback | occurs when a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change, main regulatory mechanism for homeostasis (homeostatic) ex: response to a temperature change (hot or cold) |
| sensor | measures the variable being regulated |
| integrator | compares sensory info with the body's set point |
| effector | carries out corrective response (decides to stop or repeat) |
| negative feedback loop example | raised temp -> nerve cells -> temp regulation center in brain -> sweat glands |
| positive feedback | sending body out of homeostasis to perform a task (amplifying the change, not homeostatic) ex: childbirth, fight or flight response |
| endotherms | produce heat through metabolic processes (internal mechanisms)/eating food, maintain a relatively stable temp. can regulate using behavior also ex: mammals, some large fish, birds |
| ectotherms | obtain heat through a change in behavior (migration, shelter), and the environment (sun, water) ex: reptiles, amphibians, insects, invertebrates, most fish |
| countercurrent exchange | decreases heat loss due to the proximity of blood vessels in their extremities, less energy required to maintain body temp ex: penguins, dolphins, some birds |
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, transfers energy by converting one molecule into another |
| metabolic rate | an organism's overall pace of energy use, depending on activity level, energy required for basic life processes accounts for the majority of life processes (~70%) |
| metabolic scaling | metabolic rate faster in smaller animals b/c higher SA:V, more heat loss per unit of tissue than in larger animals |
| necessary in animal diets | essential amino acids, dietary minerals, vitamins |
| essential amino acids | amino acids that cannot be synthesized, must be ingested through your diet |
| dietary minerals | elements other than O, H, C, N required in your diet ex: Ca, Fe, P, K, Zn, Mg |
| vitamins | organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts |
| osmoregulation | keeping water while getting rid of waste (salt/water balance) solutes move down concentration gradient (high to low) |
| semi-permeable membrane | allows water but not large solutes to pass through |
| osmosis | movement of water from areas to high concentration to low concentration |
| suction feeding | animals eat by creating negative pressure by opening its mouth quickly and widely to suck in prey ex: salmon, bass |
| filter feeding | animal uses specialized filtering structure to strain small prey from the water ex: baleen whale, whaleshark, clams, sponges |
| hypotonic solutions | the solute concentration is greater in cells than in the surrounding solution/environment water will go in to balance and the cell will swell |
| hypertonic solutions | the solute concentration is lower in cells than in the surrounding solution/environment water will leave the cell and the cell will shrivel up |
| isotonic solutions | the solute concentration is the same in cells as in the surrounding solution/environment cells will stay the same shape, water goes in and out at the same rate (no net movement), cell pressure stays equal |
| osmoconformers | animals whose cells have the same solute concentration as their environment, 'conform' to their surroundings ex: invertebrates, octopi |
| osmoregulators | animals whose cells have a different solute concentration than their environment, have to 'regulate' their own concentration ex: vertebrates, most fish |
| freshwater fish | don't have to drink a lot of water, salt con. higher in cells than their environment, actively take up salt thru gills and get rid of water by peeing a lot to maintain balance |
| saltwater fish | have to drink a lot of water, salt con. lower in cells than in the environment, actively take up water and secrete salt thru gills and feces |
| how do land animals manage water loss | land animals lose water through urine, feces, breathing, and sweating in some animals adapted to obtain water through food, drinking water low in salt, salt glands in some, and concentrated nitrogenous wastes in urine to minimize water loss |
| nitrogenous wastes | 3 types, produced through metabolic processes and when proteins break down (as a byproduct) toxic because they disrupt internal pH, are very basic (ex: blood pH) |
| types of nitrogenous wastes | ammonia, urea, uric acid |
| nitrogenous wastes in order of energy required to produce | ammonia, urea, uric acid |
| nitrogenous wastes in order of water required | uric acid, urea, ammonia |
| nitrogenous wastes in order of toxcitity | ammonia, urea, uric acid |
| ammonia | nitrogenous waste that is excreted directly into surrounding water most toxic, requires the most water, requires least amount of energy to produce ex: some fish |
| urea | nitrogenous waste that is less toxic, requires some energy and water ex: mammals, amphibians, some fish |
| uric acid | nitrogenous waste that is the least toxic, solid (no water needed), and requires a lot of energy ex: birds, reptiles, some desert animals |
| filtration | blood passed into extracellular space some substances allowed to pass through, others not |
| reabsorption | take back up good substances lost in filtration occurs in the proximal tubule |
| secretion | active transport of molecules out of the blood occurs in the distal tubule |
| cortex | outside/outer area of the kidney |
| medulla | inside/inner area of the kidney |
| renal pyramids | cone-shaped structures that make up the medulla |
| nephrons | tubes emerging from the renal pyramids primary function is to filter waste from the blood ~1 mil in kidney |
| renal pelvis | collects urine before it drains through the ureter to the bladder |
| renal artery | where blood enters the kidney |
| glomerulus | receives blood from renal artery and filters it enclosed by bowman's capsule |
| bowman's capsule | encloses glomerulus and receives filtrate from it |
| path of blood | renal artery -> glomerulus -> capillaries -> renal vein |
| capillaries | surround proximal and distal tubules reabsorption and secretion |
| path of filtrate | glomerulus -> bowman's capsule -> proximal tube -> loop of Henle -> distal tube (becomes urine)-> collecting duct -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder |
| where does filtrate in the blood become urine | the distal tube |
| virus | small pathogen made up of genetic code within a protein coat replicate by taking over and possibly destroying a host cell |
| first line of defense against infections | skin, tiny hairs in nose, coughing, sneezing, eyes tearing up |
| innate immunity | white blood cells/phagocytes engulf and digest a pathogen inflammation |
| inflammation | physiological response to injury that works to push out the inciting agent, phagocytes enter infected site to remove pathogens symptoms: heat, redness, swelling, pain |
| acquired immunity | the body distinguishes between pathogens and its own cells through the lack of correct protein body flags on pathogens that our cells have, which the immune system recognizes and knows not to attack, pathogens release foreign antigens |
| antigen | anything that causes your body to trigger the immune response |
| primary response | cells have never seen the pathogen before, so they need some time to create antibodies in order to fight off the pathogen in response to antigens |
| secondary response | cells have fought the pathogen before, so they can release antibodies immediately once the antigens are recognized memory cells remember the signature response is faster, longer-lasting, and 100x stronger |
| vaccines | protect against disease by exposing our bodies to a dead or weakened pathogen to trigger antibody formation with no threat of initial infection and prepares for secondary response symptoms are from immune response, not virus |
| nervous system | sends info to the rest of the body from the brain and from the body to the brain through fast signals |
| sensory neurons | receive and transmit information |
| interneurons | process and transmit information to body regions |
| motor neurons | stimulate a muscle response |
| action potentials can | travel long distances without decreasing in magnitude |
| nerve cell structure from top to bottom | dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal --- signal/action potential --> |
| neurotransmitters | released by neurons from the axon terminal bind to receptors on the dendrites by moving through synapse, causing a change in electrical signal in the target cell, continuing the signal to neurons, muscle, cells, and secretory (gland) cells |
| electricity | flow of electrons down a gradient |
| voltage | potential energy generated by separated charges |
| membrane potential (mV) | the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane in all cells at rest mV = -70 positive outside, negative inside |
| excitable tissues can | produce rapid changes in membrane potential by sending action potentials/electrical impulses ex: neurons and muscle tissues |
| membrane potential graph | stimulus, pass threshold, depolarization (up)- Na gates open, Na flows IN, peak- action pot/Na gates close, repolarization (down)- K channel opens, K flows OUT, pass threshold, refractory (dip)- too many leave cell, pump-3 K in, 2 Na out, resting state |
| depolarization | increase in membrane potential, Na gates open, Na flows in |
| repolarization | decrease in membrane potential, K channel opens, K flows out |
Created by:
emw24geneseo
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