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Biology Final
Biology Evolution and Tree of Life Vocabulary for Prentice Hall Biology Textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Domain | most inclusive taxonomy category: larger than a kingdom |
| Taxon | level of orgnization into which animals are classified |
| Binomial nomenclature | two name in Latin system |
| Taxonomy | the study of classifiying organisms |
| Eukaryote | cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Prokaryote | cell without the stuff of a eukaryote |
| KPCOFGS | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Dichotomous key | set of instructions to classify something, like in the magazine quizzes |
| Classification | organizing organisms into categories |
| Protista | The protist kingdom |
| Fungi | The Fungi kingdom |
| Animalea | The animal kingdom |
| Plantae | The plant kingdom |
| Eubacteria | kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan |
| Archaebacteria | kindgom of unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan |
| Bacilus | rod |
| Coccus | spheriacl prokaryote |
| Spirilium | spiral prokaryote |
| Chemoheterotroph | organism that must take in organic molecules for energy and carbon |
| Photoheterotroph | organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source |
| Photoautotrpoh | organism that is photosynthetic and and converts Co2 nd water into carbon compounds |
| Chemoautotrpoh | an organism that uses chemical reaction for energy to create organic carbon molecules |
| Obligate Aerobe | An organism that requires constant oxygen to survive |
| Obligate Anaerobe | an organism that does not need constant oxygen to survive |
| Faculttive Anaerobe | organismt hat can survive with or without oxygen |
| Binary Fission | asexual reproduction in which a cell splits into two identical daughter cells |
| Nitrogen Fixation | converting nitrogen gas into ammonia |
| Peptidoglycan | |
| Dinoflagellates | |
| Diatoms | |
| Spore | haploid reproductive cell |
| Hypha | tiny filament that makes up a fungi or mold |
| Chitin | carb that makes up a fungi cell wall and anthropod exoskeleton |
| Mycelium | many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass with is a fungi |
| Bryophyte | non vascular plant |
| Xylem | Vascular plant tissue that carries water throughout the body |
| Phloem | Vacular plant tissue responsible for carrying nutrients and carbs through the body |
| Gymnosperms | seed plant that uses cones |
| Angiosperms | seed plant that bears seed directly in protective tissue |
| Taproot | one long palnt root extending downwards |
| Fibrous root | tangle of root fibres that extend in all directions |
| Sepal | outermost circle of flower parts that protect the bud while developing |
| Petal | brightly colored structure inside sepals that attracts pollinators |
| Stamen | male part of flower |
| Anther | flower stucture that produces male stuff is produced |
| Carpel | innermost part of flower that produces female stuff |
| Ovary | flwoer structure that contains ovules |
| Compound flower | Flower made up of many tiny ones, like a sunflower |
| Fruit | wall of tissue surrounding seed |
| Dormancy | “sleeping” a period of no growth or development |
| Invertebrate | animals without a backbone |
| Vertebrate | animal with a backbone |
| Feedback inhibition | |
| Radial symmetry | when any two opposite sides of the animal are symmetrical |
| Billateral symmetry | when you can cut the animal in half and the two sides will be symmetrical |
| Cephalizaiton | when most sensory organs are in one place, like a head |
| Exoskeleton | hard shell on most inverterbrates |
| Endoskeleton | inner skeleton |
| Open circulatory system | system in which most blood flows through tissue |
| Closed Circulaotry system | system in which most blood flows through closed circulatory system |
| Coelem | fluid filled body cavity |
| Endotherm | animal that controls its own body heat from within |
| Ectotherm | animal that uses its environment to maintain body temperature |
| Mollusks | soft bodied animals with internal or external shells |
| Cephalothorax | the location on an arthropod where the heads meets the thorax |
| Foot | one large muscle used for movement in mollusks |
| Anus | place where excrements come out form |
| Mantle | thin layer of tissue covering a mollusks body |
| Radula | tong shaped structure used for feeding by some mollusks |
| Visceral Mass | ara beneath mollusks’ mantle containing organs |
| Cephalopods | head on foot |
| Molting | shedding a shell or external layer |
| Arthropods | invertebrates with segmented bodies, joint appendages, and tough bodies |
| Chordate | animal with a spinal chord |
| Notochord | central nervous chord running down the back |
| Vertebra | parts of the backbone, we have 33 |
| Placental | sac in which fetuses will develop |
| Pheromone | specific chemical messenger that can affect behavior or devlopement within species |
| Adaptive radiation | when animals become more different through natural selection, |
| Mammary glands | glands producing milk in animals used to feed young |
| Alveolus | tiny air sac at the end of lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange (CO2 to Oxygen, for example) |
| Telson | the last segment on an arthropod's body |
| Three Domains | Eukarya, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria |
| Evolution | Theory that organisms change over time through natural selection |
| Theory | A well supported body of evidence |
| Hypothesis | A proposed scientific explanation for any phenomena |
| Fossil | Preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism |
| Artificial Selection | When humans favor one trait over another and it becomes more common in a population |
| NAtural Selection | When an adaptation that best suits an animal to its environment becomes most common in a population through that organism's reproductive success |
| Selection pressures | any factors in an environment that might lead to certain adaptations being more adapt |
| Fitness | an organism's level of aptitude to survive its environment |
| Adaptation | Any mutation that suits an organism to its environment |
| Variation | A difference between two or more organisms that may make one better suited for survival than the other |
| Homologous Structure | structures amongst organisms that look similar in embryonic stage, but are different when matures |
| Biogeography | |
| Embryology | the study of organism whilst in embryonic stages |
| Paleontology | the study of fossils |
| Transitional Fossils | fossils used to show a link between two fossils |
| Vestigial Organs | organs that have shrunk because of continued disuse |
| Gene pool | the collection of all the alleles in any given population |
| Allele frequency | The frequency of a certain allele in a gene pool |
| Polygenic traits | traits that depend on more than one trait |
| Single gene trait | traits that depend on only one gene |
| Genetic drift | when, for no true reason, a certain trait becomes more pronounced than another with no true reason |
| Directional Selection | when organisms at one end of the curve are more fit than those at the other, so most of the population is of that one kind, that one extreme |
| Stabilizing Selection | when organisms at the middle of the curve, the average, are more likely to survive |
| Disruptive selection | when organisms at either ends of the curves are more likely to survive, and there are no averages |
| Speciation | the process by which one species can split into two |
| Reproductive isolation | when two different members of a species become isolated because they do not reproduce together, then they evolve individually, into different species |
| Behavioral Isolation | when organisms do not mate because of different mating behaviors |
| Geographic Isolation | when organisms do not mate because of a separating geographic element, like a lake or desert |
| Temporal Isolation | when organisms do not mate because of different mating times or seasons |
| Founder effect | when a random group of members of a population founds a new population, where their traits are more pronounced, not because of natural selection |
| Extinction | when no members of a species exist alive any more |
| Genetic Markers | gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid foreign DNA, and those that do not |
| Acclimatization | when a species becomes better acclimatized to their environment |
| Acquired Characteristics | characteristics a population acquires through natural or artificial selection |
| Mutation | a random change in an organism’s genetic makeup |
| Bipedalism | walking on two feet |
| Binocular vision | seeing out of two eyes |
| Hominid | primate that walks upright, with apposabel thumbs, with large brains, the only living members are humans |
| Relative time | dating something in relation to something else |
| Absolute time | dating something with a true date |
| Half life | the time it takes for half or the remaining radioactive isotope in any place to decay |
| Index Fossil | a fossil used to date another, it must be widespread and recognizable |
| Geologic Time scale | scale used to represent evolutionary time |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | the theory that eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes |
| Viviparous | Animals that bear live young nourished directly from the mother |
| Oviparous | Animals whose egges hatch outside the mother's body |
| Ovoviviparous | animals whose eggs hatch inside the mother after developing |
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