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CIRC II-A&P II
Lymphatic System & Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| IMMUNITY | |
| NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY | |
| MECHANICAL BARRIERS | |
| FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE | |
| • CHEMICAL BARRIERS | |
| • REFLEXES | |
| SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE | |
| -PHAGOCYTOSIS | |
| DIAPEDESIS | |
| CHEMOTAXIS | |
| INFLAMMATION | |
| INFECTION | |
| Cardinal Signs | |
| CLOTTING | |
| Fibroblas | |
| PYREXIA | |
| PYROGENS | |
| PROTECTIVE PROTEINS | |
| CANCER-LYMPHOMAS | Most are malignant tumors in Lymphoid tissue-connective tissue. Hodgkin’s is painless & progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue |
| LYMPHADENITIS | Inflammation of lymph nodes as they fight for infection |
| LYMPHADENOPATHY | Lymph nodes disease |
| LYMPHANGITIS | Inflammation of lymphatic VESSELS- red streaks from affected area due to staphylococcal infection |
| 1. PALATINE TONSILS-(Tonsillectomy)- | Masses of lymphoid tissue @ the opening of the oral cavity into pharynx |
| • LINGUINAL | Back of the tongue |
| 2. PHARYNGEAL/ ADENOIDS | Located in near opening of nasal cavity & upper pharynx Atrophy in adolescence |
| CERVICAL LYMPH NODES | Pg 348-Neck: Cleanse & drains lymph from head & neck. Enlarged: Upper Respiratory Infection |
| AXILLARY | Armpit (Axillary area)-Drain & cleanse lymph from upper extremities, shoulder & breast. |
| INGUINAL | Groin region- Drain & cleanse lower extremities & external genitalia |
| end-diastolic volume (EDV) | amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, determines how much ventricle is stretched and is the basis of Starling's Law |
| preload | same as EDV. Increased preload stretches ventricles, causing stronger contraction, thus increasing stroke volume and cardiac output |
| ejection fraction | % of end-diastolic volume that's pumped, normal 50-70% |
| afterload | Aortic blood pressure - blood being pumped from left ventricle resisting against blood already in the aorta |
| main function of lymph nodes | filtration of lymph fluids |
| what the spleen filters | blood |
| lymphatic duct | drains lymph from right side of head, thorax, right arm into right subclavian vein |
| thoracic duct | drains lymph from lower body and LUQ into LEFT subclavian vein |
| lymphatic capillaries | "dead end" in tissue spaces where they collect tissue fluid & proteins |
| Kupffer cells | macrophages attached to the sinusoids in the liver |
| Immediate-reaction allergy steps (5) | Activation of B cells by allergen->Production of clone->Secretion of IgE antibodies->IgE bind to mast cells->Binding of allergen to IgE antibodies on mast cells w/ release of histamine->Bronchoconstriction/vasodilation |
| LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | FILTRATION & PHAGOCYTOSIS • Returns tissue fluid to the blood thereby preventing Edema • Helps protect the body against pathogens & other foreign material-providing immunity Specialized- Absorbs fats & fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine |
| MOVEMENT THROUGH LYMPHATIC VESSELS | “MILKING ACTION” of muscles- Muscles contract, squeezing vessels, pushing lymph toward heart Movement of Chest in respiration-changes intrathoracic pressure, ^ lymph flow •Rhythmic contraction-smooth muscle contraction & relaxation causes lymph to flow |
| LYMPHATIC ORGANS | Lymph Lymph Nodes Tonsils Spleen |
| LYMPH FLUIDS | • composed of water, electrolytes, waste from metabolizing cells, & some protein that leaks out from capillaries in the circulatory system Formed from plasma during capillary exchange-Filtered from blood into the interstitium |
| LYMPH VESSELS | thin-walled with ONE-WAY VALVES 1 layer of Epithelium & have large pores to drain fluid & proteins BLINDLY OR “DEAD END” in most tissue spaces where they collect tissue fluid and proteins |
| o LYMPHATIC DUCT | Drains lymph form the RIGHT SIDE of the head, thorax, right arm & empties blood into the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN |
| THORACIC DUCT | Drains lymph form the lower body and left upper quadrant and empties into LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN |
| LYMPH NODES | for filtering lymph and fighting infection (FILTERED LYMPH FLUIDS) number lymphocytes & macrophages Appear in clusters |
| TONSILS | encapsulated lymph nodes in trachea protective barrier for substances entering the oral and respiratory passages |
| THYMUS (Immunity) | Produces T Lymphocytes (T cells)-maturation • Belongs both in the Endocrine & lymphatic system Upper Mediastinum thoracic cavity-Development of Immune system Produces hormone THYMOSIN- helps T cells mature |
| SPLEE | LUQ of the abdomen Filters the blood & removes old dead worn out blood cells- RBC Graveyard Phagocytosis by the fixed macrophages blood reservoir Bilirubin formation from the destroyed RBCs RBC production before birth (erythrocytosis/Erythropoiesis |
| WHITE PULP | Lymphocytes surrounding arteries |
| RED PULP | Venous sinuses filled with blood & disease preventing cells (lymphocytes & macrophages) |
| Blood is cleansed by | entering the Spleen through SPLENIC ARTERY ⇒ spleen cleans the blood ⇒ Leukocytes destroyed organism trapped by spleen ⇒ Cleansed blood leaves through Splenic Vein |
| As You Age | Spleen shrinks with age.Decreased in Thymosins produced due to thymus gland being replaced by connective tissue- Defensive mechanisms diminishes |
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