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BIO 1120 - Exam III
Chapter 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Transformation is defined as a change in genotype and phenotype due to the absorption of _____ DNA. | External |
| In order to produce more viruses, a virus must do what? | Viruses must infect a cell an take over the cell's metabolic machinery. |
| What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discover about phages? | They found that DNA was the genetic material for phages. |
| What is the DNA of phages called? | T2 |
| What two elements did Hershey and Chase use to find out whether genetic material was protein or DNA? | Sulfur and phosphorus |
| What made DNA a more credible candidate for genetic material? | The molecular (nucleotide) diversity among species |
| What did Chargoff find about the percentages of nucleotide bases? | He found an equal amount of G and C and an equal amount of T and A. |
| DNA is _____ - stranded. | Double |
| Who took the X-ray diffraction image of DNA that Watson made his discoveries with? | Rosalind Franklin |
| The two strands of DNA run _____. | Antiparallel |
| Nucleotide bases are _____ nm apart. | 0.34 |
| One full turn is how many nucleotide bases? | 10 |
| The diameter of DNA is _____ nm. | 2 |
| What is antiparallel? | The subunits of the two strands of DNA run in opposite direction. |
| Purines are nitrogenous bases with _____ organic rings. | Two |
| Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases with _____ organic ring. | One |
| What two bases are purines? | Adenine and Guanine |
| What two DNA bases are pyrimidines? | Thymine and Cytosine |
| Adenine and Thymine form how many hydrogen bonds? | Two |
| Guanine and Cytosine form how many hydrogen bonds? | Three |
| Which two scientists published the first report on the double-helix structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| What does semiconservative mean in relations to DNA molecules? | Each new DNA molecule contains a new replicated and old remaining strand. |
| Origins of replications are short stretches of DNA that have a _____ sequence of nucleotides. | Specific |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA) can have _____ origins of replication. | Multiple |
| What shape is the replication fork similar to? | Y-shaped |
| What protein unwinds the double-helix at the replication forks? | Helicase |
| What is a way to remember Helicase's function? | Helicopters have wings that spin at the top. If you put two ropes in between the wings, it will unravel (untwist). |
| What protein helps relieve the strain on two strands so Helicase can unwind the two strands? | Topoisomerase |
| What must be present on the template strand of DNA for replication to occur? | Primers |
| What are primers made out of? | RNA |
| What protein (enzyme) synthesizes primer? | Primase |
| What enzymes catalyze the synthesis of new DNA? | DNA polymerase |
| What two DNA polymerase's play a major role in the synthesis of new DNA? | DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I |
| DNA polymerase III does what? | Adds DNA nucleotide to the RNA primer |
| What structure of DNA molecules is attached to a base and three phosphate groups? | Sugar |
| What adenine nucleotide is used to make DNA? | dATP |
| What is the sugar in dATP? | Deoxyribose |
| What is the sugar in ATP? | Ribose |
| DNA is _____ charged. | Negatively |
| Are the two ends of DNA strands identical or different? | Different |
| A new DNA strand elongates (synthesized) in _____' to _____' direction of the old strand. | 5' to 3' |
| New DNA nucleotides are added to the _____' end of RNA primers. | 3' |
| What is the leading strand? | The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously. |
| What is the lagging strand? | The DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously. |
| The lagging strand creates _____ _____ as a result of the discontinuity. | Okazaki fragments |
| What protein (enzyme) joins Okazaki fragments together? | DNA ligase |
| What is the role of single-strand binding proteins? | They bond and stabilize single strand DNA until it is used as a template strand. |
| DNA polymerase I does what? | Removes RNA primers from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides added to the 3' end of adjacent fragments |
| In reality, how do the proteins involved in DNA replication interact? | They form a large protein complex. |
| DNA polymerase III beings synthesizing DNA nucleotides before or after RNA primers? | After |
| What is the name of the process in which incorrectly paired nucleotides are removed and replaced? | Mismatch repair |
| _____ are permanent DNA changes. | Mutations |
| What are nucleases? | Enzymes that cut DNA or RNA |
| In the nucleotide excision repair, the _____ strand is used as a new template to replace the incorrect nucleotide(s). | Undamaged |
| The shortening of DNA occurs in what kind of cells (eukaryote or prokaryote)? | Eukaryote |
| What prevents the shortening of needed DNA nucleotide sequences? | Telomeres |
| What are telomeres? | Repetitive sequences of DNA at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes |
| What is the human telomere sequence? | TTAGGG |
| What enzyme catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells? | Telomerase |
| Bacterial DNA is _____. | Circular |
| Eukaryotic DNA is _____. | Linear |
| The dense region of DNA in bacterium is called what? | The nucleiod |
| What is the chromatin complex? | DNA and protein |
| What proteins are responsible for the main level of DNA packing in interphase chromatin? | Histones |
| How many types of histone proteins are most common in chromatin? | Four |
| What two related proteins are involved in condensing the chromatin during mitosis? | Condensin II and Condensin I |
| What protein binds to DNA and forms DNA loops that get larger and larger (during chromatin condensing)? | Condensin II |
| What is the referred to as the "bead" (DNA packaged by histones)? | Nucleosomes |
| Is euchromatin loosely or densely arranged? | Loosely |
| Is heterochromatin loosely or densely arranged? | Densely |
| What protein creates smaller loops from the larger loops created by condensing II (during chromatin condensing)? | Condensin I |
| Genes from what type of chromatin, euchromatin or heterochromatin, are generally expressed? | Euchromatin |
| About how large nucleosomes? | 10 nm |
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gracelisabethxo
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