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Biology
Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Excavata | Monophyletic super group: diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans |
| Diplomonads | Mitochondria called mitosomes, parasites, two nuclei, and multiple flagella, anaerobic |
| Parabasalids | Hydrogensomes, anaerobic |
| Euglenozoans | Kinetoplastids and euglenids |
| Kintoplastids | Mitochondrion that contains DNA called a kinetoplast, parasites |
| Euglenid | Pocket at one end from which one or two flagella emerge, photosynthesize, also heterotrophic (phagocytosis) |
| SAR | Monophyletic super group: stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians |
| Stramenopiles | Red algae, hair flagellum Diatoms, oomycetes, and brown algae |
| Diatoms | Unicellular algae, glass-like wall (silicon dioxide), abudant photosynthetic organism |
| Brown Algae | Multicellular, analogous to plants, photosynthetic |
| Oomycetes | Fungi, cellulose walls, no longer have plastids or perform photosynthesis |
| Alveolates | Red algae, membrane-enclosed sacs under the plasma membrane Flagellates, apicomplexans, and cilia |
| Dinoflagellates | Cellulose plates, majority are heterotrophic, "red tide" |
| Apicomplexans | Parasites, apex that contains cell pentrating organelles, modified plastid, not photosynthetic, sexual and asexual, requires hosts for reproductive completion |
| Ciliates | Named for cilia that enable movement, micronuclei and macronuclei, conjugation |
| Rhizarians | Amoebas, feed by pseudopodia Radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans |
| Radiolarians | Internal silica skeletons |
| Forams | Porous shells called tests (calcium carbonate), also photosynthetic |
| Cercozoans | Amoboid and flagellated protists, heterotrophs chlorarachniophytes=mixotrophic |
| Archaeplastida | Red and green algae |
| Red Algae | Multicellular, photosynthetic, no flagellated gametes, reproduce sexually |
| Green Algae | Charophytes and chlorophytes Defense mechanisms: Colony formation, formation of multicellular bodies, repeated nuclei division |
| Charophytes | Closely related to plants |
| Chlorophytes | Unicellular, photosynthetic |
| Unikonta | Amoebozoans and opisthokonts |
| Amoebozoans | Amoebas with lobe or tube-shaped psuedopodia Tubulinids, slime molds, and entamoebas |
| Tubulinids | Unicellular, heterotrophs |
| Slime molds | Plasmodial: single mass of cytoplasm, undivided by plasma membrane, many nuclei, mitotic division without cytokinesis Cellular: aggregated cells separated by individual plasma membranes, reproduce asexually |
| Entamoebas | Symbiotic parasites, dysentery |
| Opisthokonts | Nucleariids and choanoflagellates |
| Sporopollenin | Prevents exposed zygotes from drying out |
| Alternation of generation | Type of life cycle, multicellular forms that give rise to each other in turn |
| Gametophyte | Produced from mitosis of hapliod gametes that fuse during fertilization |
| Sporophyte | Multicellular diploid that results from mitotic division of the zygote, sporangia that produce spores through meiosis |
| Spores | Haploids that result from meiosis of mature sporophyte |
| Cycle | Gametophyte, sporophyte, spore, gametophyte |
| Cuticle | Waterproofing wax, prevents excess water loss |
| Stomata | Specialized pores, support photosynthetic gas exchange |
| Mycorrhizal fungi | Form extensive networks od filaments through the soil and transfer nutrients to their symbiotic plant partner |
| Spores fossil evidence | 470 million years ago |
| Vascular tissue/Vascular plants | Cells joined into tubes to transport water and nutrients through the plant body Clade: lycophytes, monilophytes, seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) |
| Nonvascular plants/Bryophytes | Lack extensive transport systems Don't form a clade |
| Lycophytes | Club mosses and their relatives |
| Monilophytes | Ferns and their relatives |
| Bryophytes | Haploid gametophytes are the dominant life cycle stage Spore dispered, spore germinates, gametophye grows, archegonium produces one egg and antheridium produces many flagellated sperm (water), arachegonia fertilized, embryo develops into sporophyte |
| Vascular plants | Dominate life stage is sporophytes Spore dispered, spore germinates, gametophye grows, archegonium produces one egg and antheridium produces many flagellated sperm (water), arachegonia fertilized, embryo develops into sporophyte |
| Xylem | Conducts most of the water and minerals Tracheids carry up from the roots, lignified |
| Phloem | Distribute sugars, aminoa acids, and organic products |
| Roots | Roots in vascular sporphytes, rhizoids in nonvasvular bryophytes |
| Leaves | Microphylls: all and only the lycophtes, small spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue (410 mya) Megaphylls: all other vascular plants, leaves with highly branched vascular system (370 mya) |
| Sporophylls | Modified leaves that bear sporangia |
| Seedless vascular | Majority are homosporous: one type of sporophyll bearing one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore (bisexual) Hetersporous: Two types of sporophylls, mega produce female micro produce male |
| Ovule | Megaspotangium, megaspore, and their integuments Female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs |
| Pollen grain | microscope that consists of a male gametophye and the sporopellenin wall |
| Seed | Embryo with a food supply packaged in a protective coat derived from the integuments, multicellular (spores are single-celled) |
| Seed plant evolutoin | Key adaptations: miniaturizaation of their gametophyte, advent of a seed as resistant disperisble stage in the life cycle, and the appearance of pollen as an airborne agent that brings gametes together |
| Gymnosperms | Microsporocytes divide by meiosis (pollen), pollen reaches ovule, pollen germinates and travels to megasporocyte, megasporocyte undergoes meiosis (megaspore), megaspore develops (female gametophyte), fertilization occurs, ovule becomes seed |
| Gymnosperm diversity | Cycadophyta (large cones and plam leaves), Ginkgophyta (flagellate sperm), Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta (conifers, woody cones) |
| Angiosperm | Adaptations: flowers and fruits |
| Flower | Unique angiosperm structure that is specialized for sexual reproduction Sepals (green, enclose flower), petals (attract pollinators), stamens (microsporophylls), carpels (megasporophylls) |
| Stamens | Consists of filament (stalk), anther (terminal sac where pollen is produced) |
| Carpels | Stigma (sticky recieves pollen), style (leads from the stigma to the base of the carpel), ovary (at base of the carpel contains one or more femal gametophytes) Pistil is a single carpel |
| Fruit | Mature and thickened ovary wall |
| Angiosperm life cycle | Megasporocyte divides (meiosis, female gameteophyte), microsporocyte divides (meiosis, four microspores), microspore becomes pollen, pollen tube elongates down style, double fertilization(two sperm), zygote develops into seed, seed germinates (sporophyte) |
| Angiosperm diversity | Basal angiosperms (first diverged), magnoliids (typically spiral), monocots (one cotyledon, seed leaves), eudicots (true dicots), dicots (two cotyledon, seed leaves) |
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