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UCSD BILD3
Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| taxonomist | scientists who arrange organisms into classifications of different groups or taxa. |
| taxa | groups |
| Domain Eukaryota - Main Subdivisions | kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, and species (king phillip came over for good sex) |
| vascular tissue | plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
| angiosperms | a flowering plant, which forms seed inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
| double fertilization | a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with 2 cells in the female gametophyte(embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm. |
| advantages of double fertilization | the storage materials in the seed endosperm only begin to develop when the egg itself is fertilized. doesn't waste energy making food for unfertilized eggs. more widespread. |
| gymnosperm | a vascular plant that bears naked seeds-seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers. |
| what is believed to have caused the increase in seed size (10 to 100 fold)? | at the start of the Age of Mammals(65mill yrs ago) after dinosaurs, mammals could grow bigger and demanded larger fruits and seeds. |
| monocot | member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed, leaf or cotyledon. ex: grass, rice, corn, wheat. |
| dicot | have 2 seed leaves. dicot stems allow them to grow in diameter. |
| homeotic mutation | a mutation on a master regulatory gene that controls placement of spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi. |
| antero-posterior | referring to the front to back axis in which the bodies of insects and other arthropods are divided along. |
| homeobox | a 180 nucleotide sequence w/in homeotic genes and some other developmental genes that is widely conserved in animals. |
| what happens when a homobox gene is mutated? | homeobox genes are expressed in different parts of the body, and when that expression is altered, inappropriate structures can result. |
| ommatidia | the subunits that make up the compound eyes of organisms such as arthropods. |
| the different structures of eyes (lenses, iris, ommatidia,etc) evolved... | independently |
| ectopic | occurring in an abnormal location. |
| master control genes | have many cis-regulatory elements that regulate their expression in different tissues and at different times of development. |
| regulatory gene | a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes. |
| behaviors | are responses by effector cells or organs, mediated by a central nervous system, to environmental stimuli that have been detected by sensory nerve cells. behaviors are phenotypes that have been shaped by both genes and environment. |
| 2 classes of behavior: | 1. Stereotypical/instinctual and 2. Voluntary |
| Stereotypical behavior | always conforming to a certain pattern. instinctual patterns that will not be altered by learning. ex. wasp and prey |
| voluntary behavior | behaviors that are under the control of the organism itself. involves learning. |
| learning | behavioral modification over time on the basis of situations that an organism has previously encountered. |
| extended phenotype | the effect on an organism's surroundings resulting from it's behavior. |
| game theory | assumes that individuals in a society are in conflict over limited resources. In an attempt to win these res., ind. interact w/each other by following spec. rules which lead to quantifiable penalties and payoffs. |
| strategy | a specific pattern of play in an attempt to win in "the game of life" |
| hawk vs. hawk | 1/2(V-D) damage to one/both and victory to one. win 1/2 and lose 1/2. |
| dove vs. dove | 1/2 V don't fight, one flies away and the other gets the reward. |
| evolutionary stable strategy | a strategy that, when used by an entire population, is resistant to invasion by new (mutant) strategies, i.e., is stable with respect to evo changes. meaning the population cannot be altered by the reintro of a the other strategy. hawk v dove |
| If V (victory) is greater than D (defeat) | then being a hawk always benefits even when 2 hawks encounter each other. the benefits to fitness outweigh deleterious effect of any injuries. |
| If hawks become too common... | payoff is reduced |
| 2 factors that complicate the hawk v dove theory | 1. Hierarchies of Dominance and 2. Territoriality |
| If V is less than D | hawks will be at an advantage is they are rare relative to doves b/c they always win agst doves, but at a disadv. if they are common b/c if they fight another hawk, they receive more damage than gain rsrcs. bourg. wins against both hks n doves. |
| How is territoriality an advantage? | enhances access to food and mates |
| Being "hawkish" is... | an evolutionary stable strategy. |
| altruism | the behavior of an individual that may lower its own Darwinian fitness at the same time as it increases the Darwinian fitness of other members of its group. |
| 2 mechanisms by which altruistic behavior might evolve: | kin selection and reciprocal altruism |
| kin selection | natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives. |
| inclusive fitness | the organisms fitness+any increase in Darw.fitness of its relatives that is brought on by the organsims behavior. |
| quadrupedal | four-legged |
| Homo-erectus | also known as Java Man. discovered in Africa, originated probably 2 million yrs ago. migrated to Asia. Made stone tools. May have been able to travel by sea. |
| H. floresiensis | "hobbits" brains as small as chimps, but structure of h.erectus. advanced tools, fire. shorter teeth (ant-post) dimension than mod humans and h.erectus. |
| Neanderthals | heavy boned, lived in Europe and Middle east. 100,000 to 27,000 years ago.replaced by cro-magnon peoples. disappeared about 27,000yrs ago.fire, wooden spears, butchered horse spears, ivory artifacts |
| reciprocal altruism | altruistic beh. btwn unrelated indv., whereby the altruistic indv. benefits in the future when the beneficiary reciprocates. |
| trophallaxis | food sharing, a behavior found in many species of social insects. |
| In order for genes that influence reciprocal altruism to spread instead on cheater genes, 3 requirements must be met: | 1. The benefits of reciprocal alt. must exceed the costs 2. There must be a lot of opportunities for rec. alt. during the lifetime of the indv. 3. Indv. must remember who reciprocated and who did not and refuse to share /cheaters once they r identified |
| What happens when a 3rd player (bourgeois) is introduced into the game? | Bourg act like hawk when w/in it's territory and like a dove when outside. |
| When bourgeois meets a hawk | 1/4(V-D), if V>D hawk winds, if V<D bourgeois wins. |
| example of an honest signal | bird songs and hormone levels |
| example of a dishonest signal | stickleback and its bright red spot |
| example of kin selection | sierra ground squirrels. females give warning call and males hide. females settle near relatives, males do not, so it makes sense for females to risk getting eaten. |
| reciprocal altruism | altruistic beh. in hopes that the favor will be returned in subsequent interactions. In some cases mutualism could be called reciprocal alt., but they are NOT the same. |
| in order for reciprocal altruism to work, 3 conditions must be met. | 1. Benefits>Cost 2. Multiple interactions 3. Individual must remember who reciprocated and who didn't and then refuse to share w/cheaters when they are identified |
| single nucleotide polymorphism | Single nucleotide polymorphism is a genetic polymorphism arising from sgl. nucleotide differences in the DNA sequences. (The human genome is said to be 99.5% similar btwn any two ind. with the majority of the diff consist of sgl nucleotide polymorphisms.) |
| mitochondrial chromosome inheritance | mito dna doesn't under go recombination and is passed thru the mother only. |
| the payoff matrix | shows the payoffs in terms of the change in the fitness of one of the organisms as the result of the encounter, given all possible combinations of encounters that can take place in the population. |
| When two paramecium are cultured together... | one wins |
| When two species of flour beetles are cultured together... | the larvae of the large species eat those of the smaller species. if bits of thin glass are added to the flour, the larvae of the sm. species can survive by crawling inside and the 2 species can coexist. |
| evolution of behaviors is the result of | natural or sexual selection. alleles that influence these strategies can arise by mutation and be subsequently preserved in a pop over time as a result of natural and sexual selection. |
| dominant behavior and cooperative behavior have been shaped by | natural selection |
| pedigree | a diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations |
| coefficient of relationship | is the fraction of the genome in two relatives that is identical by descent from their ancestors. |
Created by:
jriendea
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