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Biology
Reflexes + Nervous/Endocrine System (Section 6)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What passes along nerve cells? | Electrical impulses |
| What is a change in the internal or external environment of an organism called? | A stimulus |
| Where are receptors in the body? | In the sense organs (e.g. eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) |
| Give a common example of a receptor | Rod/cone cells in the eye |
| What do receptors do? | Detect stimuli |
| What do effectors do? | Bring about a response to stimuli |
| What kind of cells are effectors? | Muscle cells and cells in glands (e.g. pancreas) |
| How do muscle cells respond to stimuli? | They contract |
| How do gland cells respond to stimuli? | They secrete hormones |
| In what 2 ways do receptors communicate with effectors? | 1. Nervous system 2. Hormonal system Sometimes both |
| What is the gap between two neurones called? | Synapse |
| What are the 3 main types of neurone? | 1. Relay neurone 2. Motor neurone 3. Sensory neurone |
| What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of? | The brain and spinal chord |
| What do receptors do when they detect a stimulus? | Send electrical impulses along sensory neurones to the CNS |
| When the CNS receives an impulse from a receptor, what does it do? | Sends electrical impulses to an effector along a motor neurone |
| What is the job of the CNS? | To coordinate a response to a stimulus |
| What 3 things do coordinated responses always need? | 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Effector |
| What is released across a synapse? | Chemicals |
| What is the role of a relay neurone? | To transfer a signal from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone |
| Are reflexes voluntary or involuntary? | Involuntary |
| Why are reflexes important? | They protect us from harm |
| What are the nerves that lead to and from the CNS called? | The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| In a neuron, what are dendrons and dendrites? | Extensions which form junctions with other neurones |
| In a neuron, what is an axon? | A fibre which carries impulses away from cell body |
| In a neuron, what is a myelin sheath? | Fatty substance which insulates axon. Speeds up conduction of impulses |
| Describe the length of the dendron and axon in a motor neurone | Short dendron, long axon |
| Describe the length of the dendron and axon in a sensory neurone | Long dendron, short axon |
| What are neurotransmitters? | The chemical signalling molecules used to transfer signal between neurons at a synapse |
| What process do neurotransmitters use to move? | Diffusion (Remember: requires concentration gradient and is a passive process) |
| How can drugs affect neurotransmitters? | They can bind to them, triggering impulses in the brain |
| What does the endocrine system do? | Sends information through hormones in the blood |
| In the endocrine system, what parts of the body act as effectors? | Target cells in specific tissues |
| How long does it take for a response from the endocrine system to have an effect compared to the nervous system? | Longer - until the hormone is broken down |
| What do hormones released by the endocrine system do? | They target specific organs |
Created by:
JoeMather
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