The study of inheritance and heritable traits as expressed in an organism's genetic material.

The sum of all the genetic material in a cell or virus.

A molecule of DNA associated with protein. In prokaryotes, typically circular and localized in a region of the cytosol called the nucleoid. In eukaryotes, chromosomes are threadlike and are most visible during mitosis and meiosis.

A specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide or an RNA molecule.

Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotides made up of phosphate, a deoxyribose pentose sugar, and an arrangement of the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

The mRNA condons and the amino acids they encode.

The physical features and functional traits of an organism expressed by genes in the genotype.

Process in which the genetic code from DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences.

Process in which the sequence of genetic information carried by mRNA is used by ribosomes to construct polypeptides with specific amino acid sequences.

Triplet of mRNA nucleotides that codes for specific amino acids. For example, AAA is a codon for lysine.

In genetics, a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome.

The replacement of a single base in DNA by another base, causing a mutation; also called point of mutation

A substitution in a nucleotide sequence resulting in a codon that specifies a different amino acid: what is transcribed makes sense, but not the right sense.

A substitution in a nucleotide sequence that causes an amino acid codon to be replaced by a stop codon.

Type of mutation in which nucleotide triplets subsequent to an insertion or deletion are displaced, creating new sequences of codons that result in vastly altered polypeptide sequences.

A mutation that occurs without a mutagen

Physical or chemical agent that introduces a mutation that changes the microbe's phenotype.

Method of horizontal gene transfer in which a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment.

In genetics: method of horizontal gene transfer in which a bacterium containing a fertility plasmid forms a conjugation pilus that attaches and transfers plasmid genes to a recipient; in reproduction of ciliates: coupling of mating cells.

Method of horizontal gene transfer in which DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a replicating virus.

A small, circular molecule of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome. Each carries genes for its own replication and often for one or more nonessential functions such as resistance to antibiotics.

A bacterial plasmid carrying genes for replication and conjugation for antibiotic.

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Micro - Ch 8

Question	Answer
Genetics	The study of inheritance and heritable traits as expressed in an organism's genetic material.
Genome	The sum of all the genetic material in a cell or virus.
Chromosome`	A molecule of DNA associated with protein. In prokaryotes, typically circular and localized in a region of the cytosol called the nucleoid. In eukaryotes, chromosomes are threadlike and are most visible during mitosis and meiosis.
Gene	A specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide or an RNA molecule.
DNA	Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotides made up of phosphate, a deoxyribose pentose sugar, and an arrangement of the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
Genetic Code	The mRNA condons and the amino acids they encode.
Phenotype	The physical features and functional traits of an organism expressed by genes in the genotype.
Transcription	Process in which the genetic code from DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences.
Translation	Process in which the sequence of genetic information carried by mRNA is used by ribosomes to construct polypeptides with specific amino acid sequences.
Condons	Triplet of mRNA nucleotides that codes for specific amino acids. For example, AAA is a codon for lysine.
Mutation	In genetics, a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome.
Base substitution	The replacement of a single base in DNA by another base, causing a mutation; also called point of mutation
Missense mutation	A substitution in a nucleotide sequence resulting in a codon that specifies a different amino acid: what is transcribed makes sense, but not the right sense.
Nonsense mutation	A substitution in a nucleotide sequence that causes an amino acid codon to be replaced by a stop codon.
Frameshift mutation	Type of mutation in which nucleotide triplets subsequent to an insertion or deletion are displaced, creating new sequences of codons that result in vastly altered polypeptide sequences.
Spontaneous mutation	A mutation that occurs without a mutagen
Mutagen	Physical or chemical agent that introduces a mutation that changes the microbe's phenotype.
Transformation	Method of horizontal gene transfer in which a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment.
Conjugation	In genetics: method of horizontal gene transfer in which a bacterium containing a fertility plasmid forms a conjugation pilus that attaches and transfers plasmid genes to a recipient; in reproduction of ciliates: coupling of mating cells.
Transduction	Method of horizontal gene transfer in which DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a replicating virus.
Plasmid	A small, circular molecule of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome. Each carries genes for its own replication and often for one or more nonessential functions such as resistance to antibiotics.
R factors	A bacterial plasmid carrying genes for replication and conjugation for antibiotic.

Created by: heatherleone81

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