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BIO 1120 - Exam III
Chapter 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What theory accounts for the principle that genes have specific positions (loci) on specific chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns? | Chromosome theory of inheritance |
| The fruit flies Morgan experimented on had only _____ chromosomes. | Four |
| Wild Type is the phenotype (or individuals with the phenotype) _____ commonly observed in natural populations. | Most |
| Mutant phenotypes are what? | Alternatives to the wild type phenotypes. |
| The white eye trait (mutant phenotype) was only shown in what gender of fruit flies? | Males |
| What sex chromosome did Morgan suggest the white eye color gene to be on? | X-Chromosome |
| Every new haploid cell will receive at least one _____ chromosome. | X |
| There are two types of chromosomes sperm can receive: _____ or _____. | X or Y |
| At what month do signs of sex begin to emerge in embryos? | About two months |
| What gene on the Y chromosome is required for the development of testes? | SRY |
| Sex-linked genes are | genes located on a sex chromosomes. |
| X-linked genes are | genes located on X chromosomes. |
| Y-linked genes are | genes located on Y chromosomes. |
| Approximately how many genes can be found on X chromosomes? | 1100 |
| Approximately how many genes can be found on Y chromosomes? | 80 |
| Why is it rare for a disorder to be transferred from father to son? | Because there are so little genes on Y chromosomes. |
| What gene on the X chromosome is required for the development of ovaries? | WNT4 |
| What chromosome is the gene WNT4 located on? | Chromosome 1 (autosome) |
| True or false: X chromosomes have numerous genes for characters unrelated to sex. | True |
| If a color-blind female married a male who had normal color vision, what would be the probable phenotypes of their children? | 100% Female Carriers; 100% Male Blindness |
| When referring to X-linked genes in males, the term _____ is used instead of homozygous/heterozygous. | Hemizygous |
| A daughter can only be color-blind if her parents are what? | Her father must mb color blind and her mother must have at least one recessive allele for the trait. |
| Hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are examples of what kind of sex-linked disorders? | X-linked |
| During embryonic development of females, what randomly happens to one X chromosome? | The chromosome is deactivates. |
| A Barr body is an _____ X chromosomes in females. | Inactive |
| When are Barr bodies reactivated? | Cells that give rise to eggs result in every female gamete having an active X after meiosis, |
| The X chromosome inactivated in each cell occurs _____ and independently. | Randomly |
| A white-eyed female is mated with a red-eyed (wild type) male. What phenotypes of males are predicted from this cross? | 100% white-eyed males |
| Genes located near each other on the same chromosome are _____ likely to be inherited together. | More |
| Linked genes are | genes located near each other and therefore tend to be inherited together. |
| Genetic recombination refers to the production of offspring with combinations of traits that are _____ from either parent. | Different |
| Parental types have the _____ phenotype as one of the parents. | Same |
| Recombinant types have a _____ phenotype than both of the parents. | Different |
| Recombination of unlinked genes is caused by what? | Random orientation of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis |
| Recombination of linked genes is caused by what? | Crossing over |
| Recombination of unlinked genes will result in what percentage of recombinant types? | 50% |
| What is a gene map? | It is an ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome. |
| What is a linkage map? | A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination caused by crossing over. |
| What is the term fore the unit of distance between two genes? | Map units |
| A linkage map can show the _____ of genes but not the _____ of genes. | Order; Length |
| During nondisjunction, what two things can happen to chromosomes? | A pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly (meiosis I) or sister chromatids fail to separate properly (meiosis II). |
| A zygote with an abnormal number of chromosomes has a condition called what? | Aneuploidy |
| A zygote missing a chromosome is called what? | Monosomic |
| A zygote with an extra chromosome is called what? | Trisomic |
| True or false: Nondisjunction can occur during meiosis (I & II) and mitosis. | True |
| Cells with polyploidy have _____ or more complete chromosome sets. | Two |
| What are some examples of polyploid plants? | Bananas, wheat, and strawberries |
| A chromosomal fragment is lost: | Deletion |
| A portion of a chromosome is duplicated: | Duplication |
| A chromosomal fragment is reattached in reverse orientation: | Inversion |
| A chromosome fragment is broken off its original chromosome and inserted into a non-homologous chromosome: | Translocation |
| What is it called when the phenotype depends on whether an allele in inherited from the male or female parent? | Genomic imprinting |
| Genomic imprinting involves _____ an allele in one gamete or activating an allele in another gamete. | Silencing |
| Mitochondrial DNA is mostly inherited maternally or paternally? | Maternally |
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