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Biology Finals Exam

QuestionAnswer
Why do cells divide or replace? To repair damaged tissue
What type of ratio is beneficial to a cell? A high one because it needs more volume area for materials to move around
How does a surface area:volume ratio effect cells in cellular transport? Less space= materials move faster in and out of the cell
How does a surface area: volume ratio effect cells in cellular communication? Less space= messages moves faster
What happens in mitosis? A cell divides into two identical daughter cells
What acronym can help remember the stages of mitosis? P.M.A.T.C.
What does P.M.A.T.C. stand for? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What happens during prophase? All the chromatin condenses making the chromosomes. Nuclear membrane dissolves. Spindle fibers form when centrioles appear.
What happens during metaphase? The spindle fibers attach centromeres and they move to the equator of the cell.
What happens during anaphase? The sister chromatids are pulled apart and spread across the cell
What happens during telophase? Nucleur membrane reforms around chromosomes. Spindle fibers and centromeres dissolve. Chromosomes become chromatid.
What happens during cytokinesis? The two cells are separated from each other.
What are checked at the checkpoints during mitosis? Mutations, cell size, DNA replication and spindle attachment.
Who checks the cells during mitosis? Cyclins and CDK(cyclin-dependent kinase). Cyclin binds CDK and CDK determines whether cell moves to next stage or not
What will happen if minor damage is found to the DNA? The process will halt until it is fixed.
What will happen if major damage is found to the DNA? The cell will die or apoptosis
What happens if p53(what repairs damage or kills the cell) is damage? Then cells divide faster and causes a tumor which can be cancerous.
What is metastasis? The tumor grows rapidly and begins to spread to other parts of the body.
What is a benign tumor? It is not cancerous and will not spread
What is a malignant tumor? It is cancerous and will spread quickly to other parts of the body.
What are carcinogens? Chemicals that can damage cells and cause cancer as well (ex. tobacco, cleaning supplies, ect.)
What are proteins made from? 20 different types of amino acids that form a chain
What shape does this amino acid chain make and what can that determine? A 3-D shape that determines its function
What is DNA made up of? A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and either guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine.
What is the difference between RNA and DNA? The sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
What is DNA? A nucleic acid that contains all genetic instructions for all living organisms.
What are genes and how many do humans have? A small segment of DNA that is instructions for the protein. Humans have about 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
Where are proteins assembled? Where is DNA for this? They are assembled in the cytoplasm while DNA is in the nucleus.
What is a genetically modified organism? An gene from one organism that is placed in another.
Who was Gregor Mendel? He used pea planets to cross-breed in order to determine how traits are passed.
What is an allele? A trait that has several different versions of the gene(ex. eye color)
What is a genotype? The actual genes an organism has for a trait represented by letters (TT or tt or Tt)
What is a phenotype? The visual genes an organism has for a trait, determined by genotype. (Blue, brown or green eyes)
What is homozygous? Gene has the same allele for a trait (TT or tt)
What is heterozygous? Gene has two separate alleles for a trait (Tt)
What is a monohybrid cross? Crossing two very different traits.
Created by: hrcbanana
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