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WGU C273 - Unit 4
Social Inequality
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| phenotype | A set of genes that creates a certain physical appearance. |
| genocide | The systematic killing of one group of people by another. |
| basic needs | What every human needs in order to survive, be healthy, and be protected, such as nutritious food, clean water, and decent shelter. |
| intersectionality | Theory that holds that class, race, and gender are all intertwined, and interact to create different levels of disadvantage in society. |
| feminism | Both a sociological perspective and a political movement that recognizes inequalities between the sexes and seeks to remedy those inequalities so that society provides equal treatment of and opportunity for all genders. |
| class system | A system of social and economic stratification within a population based on wealth and economic standing, which offers the opportunity for social mobility. |
| explicit bias | Conscious, known bias that a person harbors toward or against a particular group. |
| scapegoat theory (of prejudice) | The theory that prejudice arises from the frustration of those who are economically or socially disadvantaged, who then turn that aggression against others who are lower on the social hierarchy. |
| race | A social concept that groups certain people together based on physical traits like skin color, though there is no biological basis for such categorization. |
| institutional racism | Racism that is embedded into institutions; policies, laws, and practices that disproportionately favor or disadvantage one race over another. |
| achieved status | Status that someone earns through his or her personal qualities. |
| racial-ethnic stereotype | A generalization made about an entire racial or ethnic category of people. |
| gender wage gap | The difference between the average earnings by men and the average earnings by women. |
| instrumentality | Emphasis on tasks, goals, and external affairs of the family unit regarding status, reputation, and relationship to other social institutions. |
| quid pro quo harassment | When a person in authority, usually a supervisor, demands sexual favors of a subordinate as a condition of getting or keeping a job benefit. |
| glass escalator | The act of men in female-dominated occupations being promoted through the ranks at a faster rate than their female coworkers. |
| pluralist society | A society w/ distinct racial & ethnic groups - equal in social standing; minorities can keep their distinct lifestyles/cultural traditions & won't receive prejudice/discrimination. All groups have a near equal share of resources & political power. |
| developed countries | A country that reflects indicators of advancement, comfort, and productivity, such as quality infrastructure (good roads and highways or efficient power grids) and a well-educated and technologically sophisticated workforce. |
| expressiveness | Emphasis on the internal affairs and emotional balance of the family unit. |
| Affirmative Action | A policy that requires institutions to favor under-represented minorities when determining whether to recruit or promote them. |
| gender typing | The designation of a given occupation as either "female" or "male," generally based on societal perception of gender roles. |
| absolute poverty | The state of living without reliable access to basic resources needed for survival, such as nutritious food, clean water, and decent shelter. |
| paternity leave | A period of time that new fathers take off from work following the birth of their baby or babies. |
| culture theory (of prejudice) | Theory that states that prejudice is a learned behavior; because prejudice is part of the culture that surrounds us all, it is present in all members of society to a greater or lesser degree. |
| sex | The identity given by a person's biological sex characteristics. |
| poverty line | The definition of financial circumstances below which an individual or family is considered 'poor,' usually determined by census statistics. |
| social stratification | The categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a social and economic hierarchy. |
| caste | A social and economic category within a caste system, into which a person is born, determining his or her social and economic status within society, and which cannot be changed. |
| socialization | The process by which people discover themselves in relation to their society. |
| victim blaming | The rationale (often unfounded) that victims of abuse or assault are partially or entirely at fault for their suffering. |
| implicit bias | Bias (associations, preferences, and prejudices) formed and harbored unconsciously through one's lifelong interaction with people, media, school, and even language. |
| gender | Gender refers to the social component that reflects not only a person's biological identity but the cultural and social values and roles assigned to that identity. |
| developing countries | A country that currently lacks the resources and structures to provide advancement, comfort, and productive work opportunities for the majority of its residents. |
| discrimination | An intentional or unintentional act which adversely affects employment opportunities because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, marital status, or national origin, or other factors such as age. |
| gender segregation | The separation of people by gender, particularly prominent in occupations. |
| core nation | A wealthy nation that is part of the global elite. |
| maternity leave | A period of time that new mothers take off from work following the birth of their baby or babies. |
| salience principle | The sociological principle that states that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable (most salient) about them. |
| ascribed status | Status given by society that the individual has no control over. |
| sexual harassment | A type of discrimination or abuse of power consisting of verbal or physical abuse of a sexual nature. |
| caste system | A fairly rigid system of social stratification that offers little to no social mobility, and which often determines a person's occupation, who they can marry, and even (in some cases) who they can touch. |
| masculine | A socially constructed way of describing personality traits, characteristics, and interests that are traditionally linked to male-bodied people. |
| feminine | A socially constructed way of describing personality traits, characteristics, and interests that are traditionally linked to female-bodied people. |
| conflict theory (of prejudice) | Theory that assumes that class conflict is inevitable in society, and that those in the dominant class will use prejudice as a means to oppress those in the economically deprived lower classes. |
| STEM fields | The areas of study and professions in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. |
| Gini coefficient | A measure of income or consumption inequality; a Gini coefficient of 0 indicates perfect equality, while a Gini coefficient of 1 indicates complete inequality. |
| gender roles | Societal norms and conventions that define what behaviors and characteristics should be aligned with each sex. |
| poverty | The state of being poor, or living without a certain amount of materials and possessions that would otherwise make life comfortable or luxurious. |
| social mobility | The ability for people to change their class positions in society. |
| eugenics | A social philosophy that promotes the improvement of desirable genetic qualities by encouraging people w/ those traits to procreate, and discouraging, limiting, or preventing (such as with sterilization) people without those qualities from procreating. |
| capitalism | An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods rather than by the government. |
| hostile work environment harassment | When co-workers and/or a supervisor engage in unwelcome sexually-charged behavior making the workplace atmosphere intimidating, hostile, or offensive. |
| segregation | The physical and social separation of different racial or ethnic groups. |
| systemic racism | The underlying societal attitude that drives any form of racism. |
| urbanization | The increase of population in city areas, mainly due to mass migrations, and the subsequent growth of urban areas to accommodate the increase of numbers. |
| alienation | Marx's theory that the working conditions of capitalism leads people to be estranged from themselves and society. |
| world systems analysis | An analysis by Immanuel Wallerstein that divides the world into nations from most to least wealthy: core, semiperiphery, and periphery nations; the core nations dominate the world economically and politically. |
| assimilation | The process by which ethnic groups gradually give up their distinctive culture and traditions to adopt the patterns of the dominant culture. |
| scientific racism | The use of scientific theories, techniques, or research to rationalize racism, categorization of people, and racial superiority. |
| periphery nation | A nation that lacks the industrialization and wealth of other nations; under world systems analysis, periphery nations transfer wealth to core nations. |
| ethnicity | Ethnic groups or ethnicity generally refers to a person's cultural identity, derived from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and/or national identity. |
| stereotype | A generalization about an entire category of people; it is generally presumed to describe a 'typical' member of that category. |
| relative poverty | The state of living below in impoverished circumstances compared to the comfort and wealth of the rest of society. |
| patriarchy | A society in which men hold the dominant power. |
| slavery | The ownership of another human being. |
| glass ceiling | A certain rank or position in an organization beyond which women have difficulty being successfully promoted. |
| ethnic enclave | Geographic areas that have high concentrations of a particular ethnicity, prevailing cultural norms, and in some cases, distinct economic systems. |
| feminization of poverty | The phenomenon of there being far more women living in poverty than men. |
| matriarchy | A society in which women hold the dominant power. |
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