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WGU C273 - Unit 3
Social Organizations and Deviance
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social loafing | When members of a group exert less effort on a common task than when working individually. |
| role | The set of attitudes and behaviors appropriate for a certain status. |
| structural strain theory | The typology of responses to a mismatch between socially goals and access to legitimate means for achieving the goals. |
| stigma | A negative label attached to a person, behavior, or circumstance to distinguish that person or thing from the rest of society. |
| prejudice | An evaluation and unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. |
| rebellion | The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially promoted goal and the legitimate means to attain it, while substituting new goals and means. |
| category | In sociology, people who share a trait or characteristic, such as Americans of Irish descent. |
| social control | Society's attempts to regulate and govern people's behavior, which can be through formal or informal means. |
| white-collar crime | Nonviolent crime often committed by business professionals or someone of high social status who is motivated by financial gain. |
| secondary group | People with whom an individual shares a functional relationship; the length of interaction is typically shorter and oriented around a common task. |
| victimless crime | A crime that involves only the perpetrator or two consenting adults, such as the consumption of illegal drugs or prostitution. |
| expressive leader | A leader focused on the group's morale and dynamics; typically this person acts as a mediator and motivator. |
| social dilemma | Occurs when an individual or group must weigh personal benefit against the well-being of society. |
| ritualism | The response to social strain of giving up on or rejecting the socially approved goal, but sticking with the legitimate means to achieve that goal. |
| primary group | A group of people with whom an individual maintains close, personal relationships, such as friends and family. |
| master status | A special status that more completely defines a person than the other statuses he or she has. |
| status set | All of the statuses one person has at a given time. |
| faction | A smaller group of people within a larger group. |
| conformity | The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group; in Merton's structural strain theory, the response to structural strain of pursuing socially approved goals by legitimate means. |
| hate crime | A crime that is motivated by biases based on characteristics of the victim such as race, gender, gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. |
| role expectation | The expectations about the behaviors, actions, and qualities of someone occupying a certain status. |
| informational social influence | A dynamic of conformity that describes the tendency to assume that the group judgment or answer is accurate. |
| instrumental leader | A leader focused on completing the task at hand, reaching goals, and ensuring that each individual is completing his or her work. |
| status | An individual's position in a group or society defined by certain associated benefits and responsibilities. |
| norm | A culturally mandated set of values, beliefs, and behaviors that reflects and enforces culture; norms are created and maintained by groups. |
| social bonding theory | Social bonding theory holds that social control depends on people anticipating the consequence of deviant behavior. |
| bureaucracy | A formal organization that has defined terms of membership, written governance, and written communication, as well as a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability. |
| medicalization | The process by which certain human attitudes and behaviors are redefined as medical conditions, and therefore treated as a disease or illness. |
| retreatism | The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially approved goal and the legitimate means to achieve it. |
| deviance | Actions, behaviors, traits, or characteristics that violate socially accepted standards or |
| role conflict | The experience of occupying two (or more) statuses with conflicting roles. |
| in-group favoritism | Preferences, advantages, and favorable judgment given to members of one's in-group over members of an out-group. |
| differential association | Edwin Sutherland's theory that states people learn criminal behavior from others in their communities; that is, criminal behavior is taught. |
| out-group | A group to which an individual feels that he or she does not belong and does not identify with. |
| discrimination | An intentional or unintentional act which adversely affects a person or group's opportunities because of race, color, religion, sex, disability, marital status, national origin, age, or other factors. |
| formal organizations | Groups comprised of secondary members that organize for an explicit purpose. |
| labeling theory | The theory that how people are labeled or identified will influence the self-identification and behavior of the people labeled. |
| voluntary organization | Organization that an individual joins willingly because its purpose aligns with his or her interests, beliefs, or values. |
| crime | A behavior or action that violates a society's legal code. |
| ethnocentrism | The attitude or opinion that the norms, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other people's, or the act of judging another group's heritage or culture by the standards and values inherent in one's own culture. |
| role strain | The tension among the role expectations associated with one status. |
| organized crime | An enterprise run by individuals who engage in illegal activity, usually for money or profit, that often involves the sale of illegal goods and services. |
| innovation | In Merton's Struct. Strain Thry - ppl accept society's goals but adopt alt. (disapproved) means of achieving goals; in globalization: an orgztn. generates new ideas & converts them into new products, business practices, & strats that create value. |
| utilitarian organization | An organization that maintains membership through payment. |
| reference group | Any group to which an individual compares him or herself. |
| groupthink | The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. |
| goal displacement | When the means used to achieve a goal become more important than the goal itself. |
| coercive organization | An organization that an individual is forced to join; these organizations often work to resocialize their members to conform to specific, strict rules for behavior and attitude. |
| in-group | A group to which an individual feels that he or she belongs. |
| aggregate | People that come together in proximity for a short period of time, without regularity, and without knowing one another. |
Created by:
keatonsteuben
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