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Bio Chapter 16

Viruses

QuestionAnswer
Are viruses considered alive? No
What 3 cellular structures do viruses lack? Nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane
How are viruses typically visualized? Electron Microscope
What is a capsid? Protein coat surrounding genetic material
What is an envelope? Lipid and protein rich outer layer
What are the two common viral shapes? Icosahedral, Helical
Do all viruses have an envelope? No, only specific viruses do
What are the stages of viral replication? 1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release
Why are host cells ideal for viral hijacking? Because the host cell provides all of the resources required for the production of new viruses
What type of cells does HIV infect? CD4 cells- type of white blood cell
What are the methods of anti-HIV drug activity? Entry inhibitors- blocks receptors that HIV uses to recognize and enter cells
What are the most potent weapons against many viral diseases? Vaccines
Do antibiotics kill viruses? No, targets cellular structures
Does misusing antibiotics have any serious consequences? Yes, selects for mutations
What two characteristics do all viruses share? 1. genetic material, either RNA or DNA 2. a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material
What occurs during lysogenic infection of a bacterial cell? 1. genetic material of virus is replicated 2. prophage may be formed
During a lysogenic infection, some viral proteins respond to signals in the cell and trigger entry of the virus into _______________, in which new viruses are assembled and the host cell is killed. the lytic cycle
What types of genetic material can be found in different types of viruses? 1. single-stranded RNA 2. single-stranded DNA 3. double-stranded RNA 4. double-stranded DNA
A(n) __________________ is an infectious protein and is simpler than a virus. Prion
What is true about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? 1. has an RNA genome 2. can cause latent infections 3. is an enveloped virus 4. contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase
What viral shape is the herpes virus? icosahedral surrounded by an envelope
What viral shape is the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)? filamentous
Rank the following from smallest to largest: human cell, virus, bacterium 1. virus 2. bacterium 3. human cell
What ways can plants fight off viral infections? 1. Destroy viral mRNA before it is translated 2. Infected cells commit suicide
Viral infections that kill host bacterial cells soon after entering are called _______________ infections, whereas viral infections that delay killing the host bacterial cells are called ___________________ infections. lytic; lysogenic
The first virus ever discovered was ________________________, a virus that infects over 120 plant species. tobacco mosaic virus
The _____ range of a virus is all the kinds of organisms or cells that it can infect Host
At the beginning of a viral infection, a virus attaches to a host cell by adhering to a receptor molecule on the cell's surface.
A(n) _________________ is the DNA of a bacteriophage virus that is inserted into the host chromosome during lysogenic infection. Prophage
What can occur during the synthesis and assembly stages of a viral infection? 1. multiple copies of the viral genetic material are synthesized by the host cell 2. capsid subunits join and surround viral genetic material 3. the viral genetic material is used by the host cell to synthesize viral proteins
True or False: The nucleic acids of viruses acquire mutations that can be passed on to new viruses inside a host cell. True
When a virus infects a cell, from where does the virus get ATP, tRNA, nucleotides, ribosomes, and amino acids required for the production of new viral nucleic acid and viral proteins? The host cell
How are viroids protected from degradation by host cell enzymes? The viroid RNA coils tightly to form double-stranded RNA.
The genetic variability of viruses complicates the development of _______________ drugs. Antiviral
A host organism that carries a virus and may or may not show symptoms of an infection is called a reservior.
According to the Investigating Life essay, researchers discovered that SIV and HIV-1 ______________________. 1. have genetic similarities 2. encode similar amino acids.
What is true about the viral envelope? 1. Composed of lipids 2. derived from host cell membrane 3. contains embedded proteins 4. present in HIV
In viruses with an envelope, proteins in the envelope help the virus... invade or attach to a new host cell
What is similar between the lysogenic cycle of a bacterial virus and the HIV infection cycle? The viral genome is integrated into the host chromosome.
Created by: Sydboyer15
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