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2010 bio review
bioogy reveiw for the 2010 sol test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 steps of the scientific method | (1) observation (2) hypothesis (3) experiment (4) collect data (5) conclusion (6) retest |
| what is the act of gathering information about a system or enviornment using one or more of the five senses? | observation |
| what is information collected during an experiment? | data |
| what is an "educated guess" or predictable solution to a problem? | hypothesis |
| what are factors that change/can be measured in an experiment? | variables |
| what is the variable that you change on perpose? | independent variable |
| what is the variable that changes as a result of the IV? | dependent variable |
| what is a level of IV used as a standard for comparison? | control |
| what are things that are kept the same in the experiment? | constants |
| in grphing what variable is recorded on the x axis? | independent |
| in grphing what variable is recorded on the y axis? | dependent |
| what happens in a direct relationship? | both IV and DV either increase together or decrease together |
| what happens in an inverse relationship? | the IV and the DV do different things (one increases and one decreases) |
| what molecules is what made of? | 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen |
| how is a water molecule kept together? | covalent bonds |
| what is a polar structure? | a structure with a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side |
| is water polar? | yes |
| what is the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule? | a hydrogen bond |
| True or False: Water has a low molecular heat which means that it takes a lot of energy to increase its temperature | False it has a high moleculare heat |
| what is the universal solvent and why? | water because it can dissolve substances to be more easily transported throughout an organism |
| what is it called when water molecules stick together? | cohesion |
| what is it called when water molecules stick to other sustances? | adhesion |
| what is it called when water molecules move up a stem using adhesion? | capillary action |
| True or False: Carbohydrates are organic compounds | True |
| what is the funtion of a carbohydrate? | a source of energy |
| what is a monosaccharaide? | on sugar (glucose) |
| what is a disaccharide? | two sugars (sucrose, maltose, lactose) |
| what is a polysaccharide? | many sugars (cellulose, starch, and glycogen) |
| what are non-polar and insoluable in water? | lipids |
| what are lipids made of? | three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule |
| what is a lipids function? | to store energy |
| what is the function of a protein? | to control the rate of reaction and regulate cell processes |
| what kind of proteins help speed up chemical reactions? | catylists |
| what are proteins made of? | amino acids |
| how are amino acids held together? | peptide bonds |
| what is dipeptide? | two amino acids |
| what is polypeptide | three or more amino acids |
| what is nucleic acid made of? | nucleotides |
| what does a nucleotide consist of? | a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base |
| what are two types of nucleic acid? | DNA and RNA |
| what stores genetic information? | DNA |
| what is essential for protein synthesis? | RNA |
| True or False: Enzymes are lipids. | Flase, they are proteins |
| what increases the reaction by lowering the activatoin energy? | enzymes |
| what forms temporary enzyme sustrate compleses? | enzymes |
| what is not affected or changed by the reaction? | enzymes |
| True or False: enzymes do not make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all. | True |
| on the ph scale 6-0 is what? | increasingly acidic |
| on the ph scale 7 is what? | neutral |
| on the ph scale 8-14 is what? | incresingly basic |
| what is the photosynthetic equation? | 6CO2+6H2O----(with light)--->6O2+C6H12O6 |
| what is the site of photosynthesis? | chloroplasts |
| what are three things that effect the rate of photosynthesis? | temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide consentration |
| what is the equation for cellular resperation? | 6O2+C6H12O6--------->6CO2+6H2O+ATP |
| what is the site for cellular resperation? | mitochondria |
| how are photosynthesis and cellular resparation a continuous cycle? | ones output is the others input |
| what is the cell theory? | (1) all livingthings are made of one or more cells (2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function for living things (3) all cells come from pre0existing cells |
| who observed the first cell from cork and coined the term "cell" | Robert Hooke |
| who obsereced microscoic cells from pond water? | Anton van Leewenhoek |
| who studied plant cells? | Matthais Schleiden |
| who studied animal cells? | Theodor Schwann |
| who concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells? | Rudolph Virchow |
| what lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (ex: bacteria) | prokaryotes |
| what has a true nucleus and organelles (ex: plants) | eukaryotes |
| what is the command center of the cell where DNA is located? | nucleus |
| what is a small organelle inside the nucleus that helps make ribosomes | nucleolus |
| what are small organelles in the cytoplasm that make proteins? | ribosomes |
| what is the transportation system of the cell? | the endoplasmic reticulum |
| what is the packing and shipping center of the cell? | the golgi apparatus |
| what contains digestive nezymes and breaks down a cells old parts and debris? | lysosomes |
| what is the storage tank of a cell? | vacuoles |
| what is the power center of the cell that produces ATP? | mitochondria |
| what organelle does photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll? | chloroplast |
| what assists in cell division? | centrioles |
| what is the medium inside a cell in which organelles are suspended? | cytoskeleton |
| what is the layer that surrounds the cell? | cell membrane |
| what is composed of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi | cell wall |
| does passive transport require energy? | no |
| passive transport is also known as what? | diffusion |
| in passive transport substances move fromm what consentration to what concentration? | high to low |
| what is a unique type of passice transport in which a membrane protien is used to shuttle ions and molecules across the membrane (still from high to low) | facilitated diffusion |
| what is the special term applied to the movment of water molecules across the cell membrane (as a result of diffusion)? | osmosis |
| what is water in is equal to water out | isotonic |
| what is water moves into the cell quicker than out of the cell | hypotonic |
| what is water moves out of the cell quicker than into the cell | hypertonic |
| does active transport require energy? | yes |
| in active transport substances move from what concentration to what concentration? | low to high |
| what is taking materials into the cell by infolding? | endocytosis |
| what are two forms of endocytosis? | phagosytisis and pinocytosis |
| what is it called when the vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane forcing a substance out | exocytosis |
| what are two types of active transport proteins? | sodium-potassium pump and proton pump |
| how does bacteria reproduce? | binary fission |
| what is a process in which eukayotic cells make an identical copy? | mitosis |
| what are the stages of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis |
| in what stage of mitosis do chromosomes codense and become visible, the nuclear envelope disappears, and the centrioles begin to move away from each other? | prophase |
| in what stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell? | metaphase |
| in what stage of mitosis do sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and slowly move to opposite poles? | anaphase |
| in what stage of mitosis doesthe nuclear membrane begin to form around each new set of chromosomes? | telaphase |
| in what stage of mitosis doesthe cell pinch forming two daughter cells? | cytokinesis |
| what is a process by which sexually reproducing organisms maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation? | meiosis |
| chromosomes exist in pairs called what? | homologous chromosomes |
| True or False: All cells in the human body are haploid except sex cells which are diploid. | False, all are diploid and sex cells are haploid |
| how many rounds of mitosis does meiosis require? | two |
| how many cells are there at the end of meiosis? | four |
| what is the study of heredity? | genetics |
| who is the father of genetics who studied offspring of pea plants? | Gregor Mendel |
| True or False: an allele can be homozygous or heterozygous. | True |
| True or False: the recessive trait is blocked by the dominant trait. | True |
| what does a capital letter represent in genetics? | a dominant trait |
| what does a lowercase letter represent in genetics? | a recessive trait |
| what is a genotype? | the genetic makeup |
| what is a phenotype? | the appearance |
| what is the same TT or tt (pure)? | homozygous |
| what is defferant Tt hybrid? | heterozygous |
| what is the first generation called? | the P generation |
| what are the offspring of the P generation called? | first fillial or F1 generation |
| what are the offspring of F1? | F2 |
| what is a table using letters to represent possible genotypes? | Punnet Square |
| what studies two traits at the same time? | a two-factor cross |
| what is blending (red and white flowers produce pink flowers) | Incomplete Dominance |
| what is it when both traits are expressed together (ex: AB blood) | Codominance |
| True or False: the DNA structure is a double helix or twisted ladder. | True |
| who determined the double helix structure of DNA and made the first model or DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| what is each strand of DNA made up of? | repeating subunits called nucleotides |
| waht does each nucleotide consist of? | a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base |
| a nucleotide in DNA contains one of what four bases? | adenine, thymine, cytosine,or guanine |
| which base binds with adenine? | thymine |
| which base binds with cytosine? | guanine |
| what is Chargoff's rule? | base pairing |
| does DNA directly produce proteins? | no |
| what is transcription? | DNA to RNA |
| what is translation? | RNA to protein |
| what are the molecules that carry copies of the instructions? | messanger RNA |
| what are the molecules that form part of the ribosomes? | ribosomal RNA |
| what are the molecules that brings each amino acid to the ribosome? | transfer RNA |
| where is messenger RNA made and processed? | cytoplasm |
| after being made, where does messenger RNA go? | nucleus |
| what are groups of three bases? | codons |
| how does messenger RNA carry messages of DNA? | in the form of codons |
| when messenger RNA binds to a ribosome what does the transfer RNA with the appropriate anticodon do? | bring the amino acid to the ribosome |
| how are amino acids linked? | peptide bonds |
| what is formed when many amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds? | a polypeptide protein |
| what is a change in one or more of the nucleotide bases? | a mutation |
| what causes a mutation? | a mistake while copying DNA |
| what causes a frameshift? | insertion or deletion |
| what does a frameshift affect? | everything from that point on |
| what is a change in the number or structure of chromosomes? | chromosomal mutation |
| what kind of mutation is it when the segment is moved to non-homologous chromosome? | translocation |
| what kind of mutation is it when a segment is repeated? | duplication |
| what kind of mutation is it when a segment of a chromosome is lost? | deletion |
| what kind of mutation is it when a segment is inserted in reverse orientation? | inversion |
| what is a genetic disorder when blood fails to clot (sex-linked trait)? | hemophelia |
| what is building recombinant DNA? | genetic engeneering |
| what is recombinant DNA? | DNA constructed from the DNA of differant organisms |
| how is DNA cut? | restriction enzymes |
| what is it called when bacteria take up the recombinant DNA and express the new trait? | transgenetic |
| what are the seven levels of classificaton (in order)? | (domain), kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| why is a scientific name needed? | the common name changes from place to place |
| what are humans scientific name? | Homo sapiens |
| what kingdom consistes of prokayotic organisms that are single celled, and lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls? | archaebacteria |
| what kingdom consistes of prokaryotic organisms and are called "true bacteria"? | eubacteria |
| what kingdom consistes of eukayotic organisms, most are unicellular and some are multicellular? | protista |
| what kingdom consistes of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls of chitin and are decomposers? | fungi |
| what kingdom consistes of eukayotic, autotrophic, multicellular organisms with a cell wall of cellulose? | plantae |
| what kingdom consistes of eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls (most move)? | animalia |
| what invertibrate has no true tissues (sponges)? | perifera |
| what invertibrate has a hollow digestive cavity with tenticles (jellyfish and hydra)? | cnidarians |
| what invertibrate has three layers of cells and bilateral symmetry (flatworms)? | Platyhelminthes |
| what invertibrate has digestive system with mouth and anus and are round? | nematoda |
| what invertibrate has a closed circulatory system and is segmented (earthworm)? | annelida |
| what invertibrate has a soft body, a hard shell (in some), and three main body regions? | Molluska |
| what invertibrate has a segmented body, jointed appendages and an exoskeleton? | arthropoda |
| what invertibrate has dpiny skin and radial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin)? | echinoderms |
| what vertibrate is a jawless fish? | tunicates and lancelets |
| what vertibrate is a fish with a skeleton of cartilage? | chondrichthyes |
| what vertibrate is a fish with skeleton and bones? | osteichthyes |
| what vertibrate breathes through gills/lungs/moist skin, and has a three chambered heart? | amphibia |
| what vertibrate is ectothermic, has scales, a three chambered heart and waterlight eggs? | reptilia |
| what vertibrate is endothermic, has wings and a four chambered heart? | aves |
| what vertibrate is endothermic and has hair and milk to feed its young? | mammalia |
| what kind of plant has no true roots, stems or leaves? | nonvascular plants |
| what kind of plant has tru roots, stems, leaves, and a vascular system? | vascular plants |
| what is a group of organisms of the same species that live together in a particular location? | population |
| what are all of the populations lining in a specific location? | community |
| what is the community of organisms in an area, as well as the nonliving factors ofthe enviorment? | ecosystem |
| what are the living and non-living portions of Earth that sustain life? | biome |
| what is a non-living factor? | abiotic |
| what is a living factor? | biotic |
| what is an organism if it produces its own food? | autotrophic |
| what is an organism if it gets food from other organisms? | herotrophic |
| what is a heterotroph that eats plants? | herbivore |
| what is a heterotroph that eats meat? | carnivore |
| what is a heterotroph that hunts for food? | decomposer |
| what is a heterotoph that eats material that is already dead? | detritivore |
| what is a heterotroph that eats both plants and animals? | omnivore |
| what is it calle when two organisms live together with close relationship? | symbiosis |
| what form of symbiosis is it when one organism benefits and one is unaffected? | commensalism |
| what form of symbiosis is it when barnacles attach to a whale's scin? | commensalism |
| what form of symbiosis is it when both organisms benefit? | mutualism |
| what form of symbiosis is it when insects pollinate plants? | mutualism |
| what form of symbiosis is it when one organism benefits and the other is harmed? | parasitism |
| what form of symbiosis is it when fleas attach to an organisms? | parasitism |
| what is the harmed organism in parasitism? | host |
| what is the process by wich individuals that are better suited to the enviorment survive and reproduce most sucessfully? | natural selection |
| what is the selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variations among different organisms? | artificial selection |
| what are populations of organisms that can be interbreeded? | species |
| what are small changes in a species? | microevolution |
| what are large changes in a species? | macroevolution |
| what are four major points of evidence of the threory of evolution? | (1) fossil record (2) geographic distibution of species (3) homologous structures (4) symilarities in embryology |
| why does variation exist? | disease |
| what do individuals best suited for survival leave more of? | offspring |
| what body system supports the body, protects the internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation? | skeletal |
| what body system contains bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons? | skeletal |
| what body system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and moves food through the digestive system? | muscular |
| what body system contains skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle? | muscular |
| what body system serves as a barrier agains infection and injury, helps to regulate blood temperature, and provides protection agains ultraviolet radiation from the sun? | integumentary |
| what body system contains skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands? | integumentary |
| what body system converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs food and eliminates waste? | digestive |
| what body system contains mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum? | digestive |
| what body system brings oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells, fights infection, removes all waste and helps to regulate body temperature? | circulatory |
| what body system contains heart, blood vessals, and blood? | circulatory |
| what body system controls growith, deevelopment, and metabolism and maintains homeostasis? | endocrine |
| what body system contains hypothalymus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,adrenals, pancrease, and ovaries or testes? | endocrine |
| what body system recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes in it's internal and external enviornment? | nervous |
| what body system contains the brain, spinal chord and periferal nerves? | nervous |
| what body system helps to protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessals and returns the fluid to the circualtory system? | immune or lymphatic |
| what body system contains white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymph vessals? | immune or lymphatic |
| what body system eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis? | uninary or excratory |
| what body system contains skin, lings, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethera? | urinary or excratory |
| what body system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and moves excess carbon dioxide form the body? | respiratory |
| what body system contains nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs? | respiratory |
| who discovered the first vaccine against anthrax? | Pasteur |
| who perfected the simple microscope, observed cells and microorganisms and discovered protozoa? | Leewenhoek |
| who published the book "micrographia" that contained drawings of sections of cork as seen through an early microscope? | Hooke |
| who proposedthat all cells came from pre-existing cells, completing the cell theory? | Virchow |
| who concluded that all plants are made of cells? | Schleidan |
| who concluded that all animals are made of cells? | Schwann |
| who studied viruses, and concluded that the genetic material of a bacteriophage is DNA? | Hershey and Chase |
| who developedthe first double helix model of the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| who discovered that since the ability to cause disease was inherited by the transformed bacterias offspring, the transforming factor might be a gene? | Griffith |
| who discovered many new species, studied fossils, traveled to the Galapagoes Islands, discovered evolution and wrote the origin of species? | Darwin |
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