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Bio Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | the process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in glucose |
| Reactants of photosynthesis | 6H₂O + 6CO₂ (reactants) |
| Products of photosynthesis | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (products) |
| Location of light-dependent reactions | takes place in the thylakoid membrane |
| Location of light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) | takes place in the stroma |
| Why does photosynthesis occur? | occurs to make glucose (energy) for cell processes- to store energy in food |
| When does photosynthesis occur? | During the day when sunlight is available |
| What are the two parts of photosynthesis? | consists of light dependent reactions and light independent reactions |
| Reactants of light dependent reactions | REACTANTS- NADP, ADP, water molecules |
| Products of light dependent reactions | PRODUCTS- NADPH, ATP, oxygen |
| Reactants of light independent reactions (calvin cycle) | REACTANTS- CO₂, NADPH, ATP |
| Products of light independent reactions (calvin cycle) | PRODUCTS- Glucose (technically adp and nadp+ too because they are converted but don't worry about that) |
| Other names for light-dependent reactions | photolysis, light reactions |
| Other names for light-independent reactions | dark reactions, calvin cycle |
| Steps of light-dependent reactions | Photosystem II, Electron Transport Chain (ETC), Photosystem I, Chemiomosis (H+ movement and ATP formation) |
| How do plants store excess sugar? | stored in the form of starch |
| How do animals store excess sugar? | stored in the form of glycogen |
| What is respiration? | process in which electrons are harvested from from carbon compounds (like glucose) and the cell uses that energy to make ATP |
| Reactants of respiration | C₆H₁₂O₆, 6O₂ |
| Products of respiration | 6H₂O, 6CO₂, ATP |
| Location of glycolysis | takes place in the cytoplasm |
| Location of Krebs Cycle | takes place in the mitochondrial matrix |
| Location of Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | located in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Why does respiration occur? | occurs to break down glucose (energy) for cell processes- to release energy from food |
| When does respiration occur? | process that occurs constantly |
| What are the 3 parts of respiration? | consists of glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
| How many ATP are produced in total during respiration? | 36-38 produced |
| How is respiration affected by exercise? | Respiration must speed up, the body must take in more oxygen so you breathe faster |
| Why do we need to digest our food before respiration? | Glucose is needed for respiration, glucose comes from digested food |
| What is fermentation? | anaerobic respiration- makes ATP when oxygen is not present |
| Two types of fermentation | Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
| Location of fermentation in a cell | occurs in the cytoplasm |
| When does fermentation occur? | occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration |
| Why does fermentation occur? | occurs to make short- energy, to continue the production of ATP when oxygen is not present, and to convert NADH back into NAD+ so glycosis can continue producting ATP |
| Reactants of alcoholic fermentation AND lactic acid fermentation | pyruvic acid, NADH |
| Products of alcoholic fermentation | alcohol, CO₂, NAD+ |
| What organisms does alcoholic fermentation take place in? | takes place in yeast, some microorganisms |
| What organisms does lactic acid fermentation take place in? | takes place in most organisms, including humans |
| Structure of ATP | Composed of adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups (is a nucleotide) |
| Function of ATP | provides a source of energy that can be broken down fast, also easy to create |
| Energy in ATP compared to energy in glucose | Glucose stores much more energy but is much harder to break down, ATP stores much less energy but is much easier to create and restore |
| How does ADP turn into ATP? | ADP + 3rd phosphate group = ATP |
| How does ATP turn back into ADP? | When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group breaks |
| How is ATP like a rechargeable battery? | The addition of a phosphate group (that converts ADP into ATP) fully "charges" ADP because ATP stores much more energy than ADP |
| Why do we see things as certain colors? | Pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light, the wavelengths of light that aren't absorbed reflect back |
| Color of light a plant absorbs | Mostly blue and red light, not much green because that color is reflected back by chlorophyll |
| Difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs | Autotrophs get energy from sources like the sun and chemicals, heterotrophs must consume other living organisms |
| Chemical formula for water | H₂O |
| Chemical formula for carbon dioxide | CO₂ |
| Chemical formula for oxygen | O₂ |
| Chemical formula for glucose | C₆H₁₂O₆ |
| Equation for photosynthesis | 6H₂O + 6CO₂ ---(light energy)---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ |
| Equation for cellular respiration | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6H₂O + 6CO₂ |
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