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BIO 1120 - Exam III
Chapter 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genes are passed on from an offspring's _____. | Parents |
| What cells transmit genes from one generation to another? | Reproductive cells (gametes) |
| Each chromosome consists of _____ DNA molecule. | DNA |
| A gene's locus is the | specific location of the gene on a chromosome |
| In asexual reproduction, there is _____ parent. | One |
| The occurrence of _____ cause genetic changes in asexually reproducing organisms. | mutations |
| In sexual reproduction, there are _____ parents. | Two |
| Chromosomes are duplicated _____ mitosis begins. | before |
| A karyotype is a display of _____ pairs that are arranged by size and shape. | chromosome |
| Homologous pairs are what? | They are chromosomes of the same size, shape, centromere position, and carry the same genes at the same positions. |
| Karyotypes take condensed chromosomes from which stage in mitosis? | Metaphase |
| Autosomes are _____ cells. | somatic |
| Sex chromosomes are _____. | gametes |
| Diploid cells contain _____ sets of chromosomes. | Two |
| Haploid cells contain _____ set of chromosomes. | One |
| An unfertilized egg contains what sex chromosome? | X |
| A sperm contains an _____ or _____. | X or Y |
| The human life cycle begins when a haploid _____ fuses with a haploid _____. | sperm, egg |
| Fertilization is the fusion of what two types of cells? | An egg and sperm |
| Fertilization results in what?? | a zygote (fertilized egg) |
| The only human cells not produced by mitosis are _____. | gametes |
| Gonads are the locations in which germ cells (which are then developed into gametes) are created. What is the gonad organs in females and males?? | Ovaries and Testes |
| In the life cycle "Alternation of Generations", there is a multicellular _____ form, and multicellular _____ form. | diploid; haploid |
| In the life cycle "Alternation of Generations", sporophyte is the _____ stage. | diploid |
| In the life cycle "Alternation of Generations", gametophyte is the _____ stage. | haploid |
| When sporophytes undergo _____, haploid cells called spores are created. | meiosis |
| In a third type of life cycle, two gametes fuse, forming a diploid gamete. Immediately after, _____ occurs, producing haploid cells, that then undergo _____. | meiosis, mitosis |
| What cells can undergo mitosis (diploid or haploid)? | Both |
| What cells can undergo meiosis (diploid or haploid)? | Diploid |
| During Prophase I, the _____ _____ breaks apart. | Nuclear envelope |
| Crossing over occurs in what stage? | Prophase I |
| Chiasmata are the X-shaped region where each homologous pair meet and where _____ _____ occurs. | crossing over |
| In Metaphase I, _____ _____ are arranged at the metaphase plate. | homologous pairs |
| The homologous pairs end up on the metaphase plate in random order. This is called _____ assortment. | independant |
| Homologous pairs are separated in what stage of meiosis? | Anaphase I |
| When Telophase I occurs, both of the daughter cells contain what kind of cells (haploid/diploid)? | haploid |
| What occurs during Metaphase II? | Chromosomes (containing non-identical two sister chromatids) are arranged at the metaphase plate. |
| What is produced from meiosis? | 4 haploid cells, genetically distinct from one another. |
| During Prophase I, homologous chromosomes begin to condense and a synaptonemal complex protein begins to form. What does the protein do? | The protein attaches the homologous proteins close enough together to exchange genes. |
| After synapsis, or after the synaptonemal complex protein disassembles, what are left due to the cross overs? | Chiasmata |
| Does the reduction of the number of chromosome sets occur in meiosis I or meiosis II? | meiosis I |
| The original source of genetic diversity is _____. | mutations |
| The three mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation in sexual reproducing organisms are independent assortment, crossing over, and _____ _____. | random fertilization |
| During Metaphase I of meiosis I, homologous pairs meet at the metaphase plate in _____ orientation. | random |
| Independent assortment is what? | a result from meiosis I in which a random assortment of paternal/maternal chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells |
| Formula for Possible Chromosome Combinations: | 2^n n = homologous chromosomes (pairs) |
| Recombinant chromosomes are chromosomes that carry genes (DNA) from what? | Two different parents (mother and father) |
| What is random fertilization? | The fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete is completely random, and each gamete carries a random sort of chromosomes. |
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gracelisabethxo
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