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Theory of Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In 1664, ______ _____ _____ estimated the age of the Earth by using genealogy from Genesis I in the bible. | Bishop James Usher |
| Charles Darwin was the son of a ________, and studied for a career in the ______ at Cambridge. | physician; clergy |
| What did Darwin's observations from his trip to the Galapagos Islands lead him to consider? | the possibility that species can change over time |
| What are the three patterns of biodiversity that Darwin noted? | that species vary globally, that species vary locally, and that species vary over time |
| Darwin noticed that _________, yet ecologically _______, animal species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe. | different; similar |
| About how much of the species of life that have existed do scientists believe are now extinct? | 95% |
| What is a fossil? | evidence of an organism that lived long ago |
| What is a paleotologist? | a scientist that studies fossils |
| What do scientists use relative dating for? | to determine the order of appearance of species preserved as fossils |
| To find specific ages of fossils, scientists use ___________ ______ techniques using radioactive isotopes, (Carbon-14) to date fossils less than 50,000 years old. | radiometric dating |
| Carbon-14 decays to half its original amount in ____ years. | 5730 |
| Scientists believe that early earth's atmosphere had very little to no ______. | oxygen |
| Who concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present? | Hutton and Lyell |
| Who suggested that organisms could change during their lifetimes by choosing when to use and not use different parts of their bodies? | Lamarck; he also suggested that individuals could pass the acquired traits on to their offspring |
| Who reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space or food for everyone? | Malthus |
| What happens in artificial selection? | nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful |
| Who had similar ideas to Charles Darwin, and even called the mechanism by the same title? | Alfred Russell Wallace |
| What did Darwin believe that natural selection occurs by? | a struggle for existence, variation and adaptation, and survival of the fittest |
| When does natural selection occur? | when organisms with favorable variation survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation |
| What is adaptation? | any heritable characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| What does fitness describe? | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment |
| When does natural selection happen? | in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive, there is a heritable variation, and there is variable fitness among individuals |
| What is the principle of common descent? | all species, both living and extinct, are descendants of ancient common ancestors |
| What are Darwin's 2 main ideas? | all living things descended from one or a few forms of life; the mechanism by which species change is natural selection |
| What is biogeography? | the study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past |
| What is mimicry? | a type of adaptation enabling one species to resemble another |
| What is camouflage? | a type of adaptation enabling one species to blend in with their surroundings |
| Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a form of __________. | adaptation |
| What have paleontologists concluded about the ancestors of whales? | they were probably land-dwelling dog-like animals |
| What do patterns of distribution of living and fossil species do? | tell us how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors |
| What are homologous structures? | structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor |
| What does the evolutionary theory explain? | the existence of homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification from a common ancestor |
| What are analogous structures? | structures that share common function, but not structure |
| What are vestigial structures? | structures inherited from common ancestors but that have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressure acting on a descendant |
| What do similar patterns of embryological development provide? | further evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor |
| At the molecular level, the universal genetic code and homologous molecules provide evidence of ______ _______. | common descent |
| Organisms that share more DNA similarities re interpreted as being ____ _______ _______ or sharing a closer ancestor. | more closely related |
| Natural selection ______ cause an organism to evolve or develop new or more favorable genes. | cannot |
| Natural selection acts on the genes _______ in a population. | already |
| Peter and Rosemary Grant's work showed what? | that variation within a species increases the likelihood of the species' survival |
| What are two different patterns of evolution? | divergent and convergent |
| What is divergent evolution? | species that once were similar diverge, or become distinct |
| What is convergent evolution? | distantly related organisms evolve similar traits |
| What were Darwin's four postulates? | 1)variations 2)inheritance 3)typically, all living things produce more offspring than can possibly survive and this leads to a struggle for existence 4)survival and reproduction are not random |
| Natural selection acts on ___________, but its consequences occur in ___________. | individuals; populations |
| Natural selection acts on _________, but evolution occurs at the level of ________. | phenotype; genotype |
| What is evolution? | the change in frequency of alleles from one population to another across generations |
| When does extinction happen? | anytime an environment changes more rapidly than organisms can change within it |
| How is fitness measured? | by the number of offspring the individual leaves |
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alov9636
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