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Plant Ntrtion & Soil
bio lec study 25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 types of meristems | Dermal, vascular, ground |
| Q: What is the first thing a pollen grain does when it lands on a flower's stigma? | The pollen grain sends out a tiny tube called a pollen tube. |
| Where does the pollen tube grow after landing on the stigma? | Grows down through the flower's stem, called the style |
| What is the destination of the pollen tube within the flower? | The ovule, which is the flower's bottom part where the seeds are located |
| What does the pollen tube contain inside of it? | Tiny sperm cells |
| What happens when one of the sperm cells in the pollen tube joins with the egg in the ovule? | This process is called fertilization, where the sperm cell and egg join to create a baby plant |
| What does the ovule become after fertilization? | The ovule becomes a seed |
| How does the flower protect the newly formed seed? | The flower's bottom part swells up around the seed, forming what we know as fruit |
| What purpose does the fruit serve in this process? | The fruit protects the seed and helps in its dispersal, allowing new plants to grow in different places |
| Why is it called "double" fertilization in plants? | because two separate fertilization events happen within the same ovule of a flower |
| What occurs during the first fertilization event in double fertilization? | The first sperm cell from the pollen grain fertilizes the egg cell in the ovule, forming a zygote, which is the beginning of the new plant embryo. |
| Can you explain the second fertilization event in double fertilization? | In the second event, the second sperm cell from the same pollen grain fuses with two other nuclei in the ovule called polar nuclei. This fusion creates a triploid (3n) cell, which develops into the endosperm. |
| What is the role of the zygote in double fertilization? | The zygote develops into the new plant embryo, which will grow into a seedling and eventually a mature plant. |
| And what about the endosperm formed during double fertilization? | The endosperm is a nutritive tissue that provides essential nutrients for the developing embryo. It serves as a source of food reserves until the plant is capable of producing its own food through photosynthesis. |
| Why is double fertilization important for plants? | helps plants make healthy seeds. The baby plant and the food together make sure the new plant grows well, which helps the plant make more seeds for the future. |
| How does pollen travel to the stigma of a flower? | Wind, insects (bees and butterflies), animals (birds and bats) and water |
| What are cotyledons in plants? | like baby leaves inside a seed. Some plants have one cotyledon, and others have two. |
| What's the difference between monocots and eudicots when it comes to cotyledons? | Monocots have one cotyledon, and eudicots have two |
| What is an epicotyl? | The epicotyl is like the very first part of a plant that grows out of a seed. It's the shoot tip that eventually turns into the plant's stem and leaves. |
| What does the epicotyl do? | The epicotyl is the plant's way of saying, "hai, I'm here! :3" It's the start of the plant poking out of the ground to reach for the sun |
| How do seeds start to grow? | when a seed gets water, it wakes up! "good morning :3" It starts to absorb the water and gets bigger |
| What happens to the cells inside the seed when it absorbs water? | The cells inside the seed, which were dry and sleepy -.- start to wake up too! They become full of water and get ready to grow ≧◡≦ |
| What are eudicots? | Eudicots are a group of flowering plants characterized by having two seed leaves, called cotyledons, in their seeds |
| How are eudicots different from monocots? | Monocots have one seed leaf (cotyledon), while eudicots have two seed leaves |
| What are some features of eudicot leaves? | Eudicot leaves often have net-like veins, branching out from the main vein like a tree's branches |
| How do eudicot flowers typically appear? | Usually come in multiples of four or five |
| What type of root system do eudicots generally have? | A taproot system. This means they have one main root that goes deep into the ground, with smaller roots branching off from it |
| What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in eudicot stems? | Arranged in a ring. |
| What are some features of monocot leaves? | Typically have parallel veins, meaning the veins run straight up and down without branching out much. |
| How do monocot flowers usually appear? | Often come in multiples of three |
| What type of root system do monocots generally have? | Typically have fibrous roots. These roots spread out like a mat underground, helping to anchor the plant in the soil |
| What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in monocot stems? | Usually scattered throughout the stem, rather than in a clear ring. |
| In a flowering plant the part of the plant that will eventually contain the ovary and egg is called the _______. | Carpel, the female reproductive organ of a flower. Contains 3 MAIN parts; stigma, style and ovary |
| In a flowering plant the mature male gametophyte (in a pollen grain) consists of ___________________________ | Generative Cell: This is the part of the pollen grain that will divide to form the sperm cells (male gametes). Tube Cell: This cell will form the pollen tube, which is responsible for carrying the sperm cells to the ovule of the flower 4 fertilization |
| What are the 4 requirements of plant growth? | Light, air, water and nutrients/minerals |
| Several properties are characteristic of a soil in which typical plants would grow well. Of the following, which would be the least conducive to plant growth? | compacted soil (b) is the least conducive to plant growth because it restricts root growth and limits the availability of essential nutrients and oxygen. |
| What are the characteristics of silty-clay soil? | holds onto water and nutrients better than sandy soil. However, it can also become compacted, which limits the amount of air that reaches plant roots. |
| How does compaction of silty-clay soil affect plant growth? | When silty-clay soil becomes compacted, roots struggle to grow and access oxygen. This can lead to poor root development and overall plant health. |
| What are the advantages of loam soil for plant growth? | Loam soil is often considered ideal for plant growth because it combines the best of sandy, silty-clay, and clay soils. It retains water and nutrients well, while also allowing for good drainage and aeration. |
| What are the characteristics of sandy oil? | made up of large particles with lots of space between them. This means it drains water quickly and doesn't hold onto nutrients well, making it less favorable for plants. |
| What is Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of soil? | like a storage system in soil that holds onto important plant nutrients. |
| How are soil particles and nutrients similar to magnets? | Soil particles are like tiny magnets with a negative charge. Nutrients that plants need, like potassium and calcium, are like little magnets with a positive charge. |
| How do plants get these nutrients? | Roots release a type of acid. This acid can "swap places" w/ the nutrient "magnets" stuck to the soil particles. The nutrient "magnets" are then released into the soil around the roots. Plant roots can grab these released nutrients |
| Why is CEC important for plants? | It helps soil keep important nutrients available for plants to use. This means plants can get the nutrients they need, even if it rains a lot or other plants use up the nutrients. |
| What are the effects of fertilizers on the CEC of soil? | Initially, fertilizers can increase CEC by adding nutrients to the soil, which increases the number of nutrient "magnets" available for plants to use. |
| How do fertilizers affect CEC in the long term? | Over time & with excessive use, fertilizers can lead to imbalances in nutrient levels. This can result in a decrease in CEC because the soil becomes overloaded w/ certain nutrients, which can limit the availability of other essential nutrients |
| What are the effects of acid rain on the CEC of soil? | Acid rain can decrease CEC by displacing essential nutrient cations from soil particles. |
| How does acid rain affect nutrient availability in the soil? | increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil. These hydrogen ions can displace nutrient cations (like potassium, calcium, magnesium) that are attached to soil particles. |
| What happens when nutrient cations are displaced by acid rain? | The displacement of nutrient cations means they are no longer held onto by the soil particles. This limits the availability of these essential nutrients for plant uptake, potentially leading to nutrient deficiencies in plants |
| Plant growth requires large amounts of which of the following elements that cannot be obtained directly from air? | Nitrogen, which helps plants make proteins, DNA, and chlorophyll, which are important for their growth and health |
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