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CET - Cell Division

OCR A level Biology F211

QuestionAnswer
What is the period of cell growth called? Interphase.
What is the period of cell division called? Mitosis.
How much of the cell cycle does mitosis occupy? A small percentage.
What happens in interphase? Genetic material is unravelled, replicated and checked for errors. Organelles replicated. ATP content increases.
What happens if there is an error? Cell kills itself to prevent DNA mutations being passed on.
What is mitosis needed for? Growth and repair, asexual reproduction.
What happens in prophase? Chromosomes condense, get shorter and fatter. Bundles of protein called centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, forming protein fibre network called the spindle. Nuclear envelope breaks down - chromosomes free in cytoplasm.
What happens in metaphase? Chromosomes (each with two chromatids) line up along middle of cell, and become attached to spindle by centromeres.
What happens in anaphase? Centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids. Spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of cell, centromere first.
What happens in telophase? Chromatids reach opposite poles on spindle. Uncoil and become long and thin - chromosomes again. Nuclear envelope forms around each group. Cytoplasm divides. Daughter cells identical to original cell.
What is a homologous pair? A pair of chromosomes, one came from mother and one from father, which are same size with same genes (different alleles).
How do yeast produce asexually by budding? Bud forms at surface. Cell undergoes interphase. Cell undergoes mitosis. Nuclear division is complete - identical nucleus formed. Bud separates from parent cell.
Why are cells from meiosis not genetically identical to parent cell? Cells that divide by meiosis have full number of chromosomes, but cells formed have only half the usual number, so they all end up with a different combination.
What are stem cells? Unspecialised cells which can develop into any type of cell.
What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells? Adult are less flexible.
How are specialised cells formed? Stem cells divide to become new cells, which become specialised by differentiation, to replace damaged cells.
What can cells in the bone marrow differentiate into? Blood cells - erythrocytes and neutrophils.
Where are stem cells found in plants? The cambium.
What differentiates into xylem and phloem in the root and stem? Vascular cambium.
How is the vascular cambium structured? Forms ring inside stem and roots. Cells divide and grow from ring, differentiating as they move away.
Created by: emm142
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