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Unit 13 Vocabulary

DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis

TermDefinition
DNA 1. Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid 2. Nucleic Acid made of nucleotides 3. Hereditary information contained in the nucleus 4. Contains the code for building proteins
Nucleotide the building block of nucleic acids- made of a sugar, a phosphate molecules, and a nitrogenous base
Complementary Base-Pairing Rule A pairs with T, G pairs with C
Deoxyribose the sugar in DNA
Double Helix the twisted ladder shape of a DNA molecule
4 Nitrogen Bases in DNA Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
The type of bonds between the bases in a DNA molecule hydrogen bonds
DNA Polymerase enzyme that builds the two new DNA strands during DNA Replication
Semi-Conservative Replication each new DNA strang contains half of the original strand
Steps of DNA Replication 1. DNA unwinds and unzips 2. Complementary nucleotides float in and match up with their complements on each side. 3. Two new DNA molecules are stitched back together
The end result of DNA replication Two identical DNA molecules
The reason DNA must replication before cell division so each new cells ends up with the corret amount of DNA
The complementary DNA strand to the strand AAATTGCCGT TTTAACGGCA
RNA 1. Stands for Ribonucleic Acid 2. Nucleic Acid made of nucleotides 3. Aids in the process of protein synthesis
Ribose the sugar in RNA
The four bases in RNA Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
mRNA 1. Stands for messenger RNA 2. Contains codons that code for amino acids.
Protein Synthesis the two step process for building proteins in the cell. Consists of transcription and translation.
The central dogma of Biology The DNA code contains information for building a protein that results in a certain trait. The DNA message is converted to DNA via transcription and the RNA message is translated to a protein via translation.
Transcription the process of making mRNA from a DNA template. This happens in the nucleus
The steps of transcription 1. DNA unwinds and unzips at the gene to be made into a protein. 2. RNA nucleotides float in and match up with the complementary DNA bases. 3. RNA Polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together.
Translation The process of making a protein from an mRNA message. This process happens in the cytoplasm on the ribosomes.
Steps of Translation 1. mRNA is read by the ribosome 3 bases (1 codon) at a time 2. tRNA with the complementary anticodon brings one amino acid at a time to the ribosome. 3. A peptide bond forms between amino acids. 4. This process continues until the polypeptide is comple
tRNA 1. Molecule that has 3 bases called an anticodon that are complementary to the mRNA codon. 2. Responsible for bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome. 3. Stands for Transfer RNA
Anticodon 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the codon on an mRNA molecule
Ribosome site of protein synthesis
Mutation any change in DNA
Mutagen something that causes mutations
Examples of mutagens UV light, X-Rays, Chemicals, certain viruses
Gene mutation change in one gene--substitution, deletion, or insertion
Insertion Mutation when an additional base is added to a DNA strand. Results in all amino acids after the mutation changing
Deletion Mutation when a base is subtracted from the DNA strand. Results in all amino acids after the mutation changing
Substitution Mutation when one DNA base is changed from the correct base to a different base. Results in one amino acid changing
Chromosomal Mutation changes in a piece of a chromosome or a whole chromosome. Sometimes results in extra or missing chromosomes.
Karyotype a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
Created by: nldenissoff
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