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Biology
Section 7 (Reproduction and Inheritance)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a genome? | The entire set of genetic material within an organism |
| What is a gene? | A short section of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
| What is an allele? | Different versions of the same gene |
| What does homozygous mean? | When an organism has 2 of the same alleles |
| What does heterozygous mean? | When an organism has 2 different alleles |
| What is a genotype? | The two alleles present for a particular gene |
| What is a phenotype? | Visible characteristics of an organism they get from the genotype |
| What is the structure of a DNA molecule? | 2 strands of nucleotides making a double helix shape |
| What are the complementary base pairing rules in DNA? | A-T and C-G |
| What is a mutation? | A rare, random change to an organisms DNA |
| What might a mutation lead to? | Could have effect of phenotype, altering characteristics slightly |
| How many chromosomes are there in each human cell? | 46 |
| How many chromosomes per cell do we get from each parent? | 23 |
| How many of each type of chromosome does a cell have? | 2 |
| Genes are the code for different sequences of ______________ | amino acids |
| What is a disease called when it is caused by one of your genes? | Inherited disease |
| The DNA in typical human cell is found in tight coils known as _________________ | chromosomes |
| What are the sex chromosomes of women? | XX |
| What are the sex chromosomes of men? | XY |
| What are the 2 main differences between RNA and DNA? | 1. RNA is single-stranded 2. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine |
| Where are chromosomes found in the cell? | Nucleus |
| DNA is a ___________ , made up of many _____________ | polymer, monomers |
| Each nucleotide has a ___________ on top, connected to a _______, with a ____________ on the side | phosphate, sugar, base |
| In DNA, the structure formed by sugar and phosphates is called what? | A sugar-phosphate backbone |
| What is it called when A-T and C-G bases pair up? | Complimentary base pairing |
| What is a genetic code? | A sequence of bases |
| Each set of three bases is called a _________, which code for an _____________ | triplet, amino acid |
| What are the 3 main uses of proteins in the body? | 1. Enzymes 2. Hormones 3. Structural proteins |
| What enzyme is involved in transcription? | RNA Polymerase |
| What pairs with uracil on an mRNA strand? | Adenine |
| What is a chain of amino acids called? | A polypeptide |
| What are gametes? | Sex cells |
| What does codominance mean? | When both alleles in a genotype are expressed within the phenotype |
| What does it mean when a characteristic is polygenic? | It is controlled by more than one gene |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | When an organism inherits characteristics that are controlled by more than one gene |
| What is monohybrid inheritance? | The inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene |
| Why are family pedigree diagrams useful? | They can be used to trace inheritance patterns of a certain disease |
| How are each of these represented on a family pedigree diagram: 1. Affected male 2. Affected female 3. Unaffected male 4. Unaffected female | 1. Red square 2. Red circle 3. Blue square 4. Blue circle |
| Who is responsible for determining the sex of a child? | The father, as he is the only one with a Y chromosome |
| Sex is determined by a _____ of chromosomes | pair (the 23rd pair) |
| The sperm that reaches the egg will either carry an _____ or a _____ chromosome, determining the gender of the child | X, Y |
| Name 3 reasons why new cells are constantly required in an organism | 1. Growth 2. Repair 3. Development (e.g. as new tissue develops) |
| What is the cell cycle? | The series of steps that take place as a cell grows and then divides |
| What is a diploid cell? | A cell with two copies of each chromosome |
| What do chromosomes do in a cell before division? | Double |
| What does the term 'haploid' mean? | A cell that only has half the normal amount of genetic material |
| Name 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis | 1. 1 cell division / 2 cell divisions 2. 2 cells produced / 4 cells produced 3. Daughter cells are diploid / daughter cells are haploid |
| How is genetic variation between zygotes created? | Through the different random fusions of gametes at fertilisation |
| Most mutations occur in _____________ DNA | non-coding |
| What 2 factors can increase the risk of mutations? | 1. Carcinogens (such as cigarettes) 2. Ionising radiation |
Created by:
JoeMather
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