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SOC TEST
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social group | two or more people who identify with and interact with one another (couples, families, circles of friends, churches) |
| Primary Group | A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. (Friends, family ) |
| Secondary Group | A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. (Classmates, coworkers) |
| Instrumental leadership | Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks |
| Expressive leadership | Group leadership that focuses on the group’s well-being less interest in achieving goals, morale and decreasing conflict) |
| Solomon Asch and Milgram experiment | Lines and incorrect answers with groups of children (fit in) and electric chair |
| Groupthink | Irving L. Janis- the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view |
| Reference Group | A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions |
| In-group | A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
| Out-group | A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
| Formal organizations | Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently |
| Utilitarian Organization | pays people for their efforts, → joining one is usually a matter of individual choice (jobs, businesses) |
| Normative Organizations | No income but people join to pursue a goal that they think is worthwhile, voluntary (PTA, religious organizations) |
| Coercive Organization | People are forced to join these organizations, involuntary (physical barriers- locks) |
| What are the problems with bureaucracy? | Dehumanization, Bureaucratic inertia, Alienation, Oligarchy (Michels): the rule of the many by the few |
| Bureaucratic inertia | The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
| “McDonaldization” | (George Ritzer): McDonald's became a symbol/trend of U.S. society and culture → we model many aspects of life on this restaurant chain (how Ritzer saw the U.S) |
| Authoritarian Leadership | Leader demands that the group obey their orders (little affection) |
| Democratic Leadership | Including everyone in the decision-making process |
| Laissez-faire Leadership | Group functions more or less on its own |
| Sex | The biological distinction between females and males (female ovum and male sperm) |
| Primary sex characteristics | The genitals– which organs are used for reproduction |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature males and females. |
| Sexual Orientation | A person’s romantic and emotional attraction to another person |
| Incest taboo | A norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives (universal cultural norm) but which family members can vary based on society |
| Who set the stage for the sexual revolution, when and how? | Alfred Kinsey in 1948, he researched sex, when sex was not discussed publicly |
| When did the sexual revolution happen and what led to the sexual revolution? | 1960s, many men left for war leaving women to sexually explore, rise of youth culture in the 60s and the invention of the birth control pill, and roe v. wade |
| Sexual counterrevolution | (1980) which was people saying that the sexual revolution = country’s moral decline: “family values”, HIV/AIDS |
| Queer theory | a body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in the U.S. society → starts with the claim that our society is characterized by heterosexism |
| Structural-Functional Theory - Sexuality | Need to regulate sexuality → importance of sex to how society operates (traditional) |
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory - Sexuality | Social construction of sexuality → on everyday reality and interactions (how sexual patterns have changed) |
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories - Sexuality | Focus on how sexuality both reflects patterns of social inequality and helps perpetuate them |
| Deviance | The recognized violation of cultural norms (can be positive) |
| What is a category of deviance? | Crime: the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law → can span from traffic violations to murder |
| Social control | Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior |
| What are formal and informal ways of social control? | Informal: when praise/scold their children or when your dorm mates make fun of your music choice Formal:criminal justice system |
| What did Cesare Lombroso do research on in regards to crime? | Defective genes and environmental factors can lead to crime |
| In terms of deviance, what study did Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz do? | containment study” analyzing the “good boys” and “bad boys” and their run-ins with the law. (“bad boys” had a weaker conscience) |
| Name one of Emile Durkheim's 4 reasons why deviance is essential | 1. Affirms cultural values and norms. (no good w/o evil) 2. Helps draw a line between right and wrong. (moral boundaries) 3. Brings people together, tightens moral bonds 4. Encourages social change. (alternatives) |
| Robert Merton's strain theory | The deviance depends on society providing them with means (schooling, job opportunities) to achieve cultural goals (financial success) |
| Innovation + example (Robert Merton's strain theory) | Accepting cultural goals by using unconventional means + street crime to get money |
| Ritualism + example (Robert Merton's strain theory) | Rejecting cultural goals but using conventional means + not caring/being able to make a lot of money but still not resorting to crime/unconventional means |
| Retreatism + example (Robert Merton's strain theory) | Rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means (alcoholics, drug addicts, people on the streets) |
| Rebellion + example (Robert Merton's strain theory) | Rejects both the cultural definition of success and the conventional way to achieving by creating a counter-culture |
| Conformity + example (Robert Merton's strain theory) | Accept conventional goals by using conventional means + most people who have jobs |
| Albert Cohen and Walter Miller | Cohen said that crime/deviance more common among lower-class youths (least opportunity to achieve success) Walter Miller adds to that by saying that delinquent subcultures are characterized by trouble/toughness |
| Elijah Anderson’s theory | In poor urban neighborhoods, some young men decide to follow the “code of the streets” |
| Who came up with the Labeling theory? What is it? What is an example? | Edwin Lement. The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions Ex) cheating husband |
| What is the difference between Primary Deviance and Secondary deviance? | Primary Deviance are just norm violations that provoke a slight reaction from others, while Secondary deviance is repeatedly violates norms and rules, (start of a deviant behavior) |
| Can you list examples of primary and secondary deviance? | Primary Deviance: underage drinking, skipping class Secondary Deviance: drug addict, alcoholic |
| Retrospective labeling | Interpreting someone’s past in light of some. Ex- finding out someone is a child predator than rethinking their past and perhaps saying “He always did want to be around young children.” |
| Projective labeling | Using the person’s deviant identity as a basis for predicting future actions |
| Name an example of medicalization of deviance | most mental illness, weed use, alcholosim |
| Structural- Functional Theory - Deviance | Deviance is a basic part of social organization (universal) → society can set moral boundaries |
| Symbolic- Interaction Theory - Deviance | Deviance is part of a socially constructed reality that emerges in interaction. (variable)→ deviances are created when labeled |
| Social-Conflict Theory - Deviance | Deviance results from social inequality. (politcal)→ laws and norms reflect the interests of the people in power |
| Race-Conflict and Feminist Theories - Deviance | Deviance reflects racial and gender inequality. (means of control)→ harmful labels are applied to women and minorities |
| Edwin Sutherland’s theory | HINT: conformity --> underage drinking Your conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior |
| Travis Hirschi | HINT: deviance Everyone is attracted to deviance but the consequences keep most people from breaking the rules (peer pressure) |
| Alexander Liazos | HINT: label states that those people that we harmfully label (like “sluts” or Snuts”) are powerless → sex workers, homeless people, etc |
| Steven Spitzer | HINT: capitalism Argued that deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with the operation of capitalism |
| Social stratification | A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
| Name one of the principles that social stratification isn based on | 1. social standing = privilege 2. It carries over from generation to generation 3. Social stratification is universal 4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well (ppl think it’s fair) |
| Social mobility | a change in the position within the social hierarchy |
| Caste systems + Example | social stratification based on ascription, or birth - birth alone decides a person’s entire future with no social mobility (Closed systems: little social mobility) Ex) India |
| Class system | (open system: more class mobility): social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement More marriage freedom, and much more open than caste systems (you can experience social mobility) |
| Meritocracy | Social stratification is not just based on birth but also merit (knowledge, skill, talent, effort) |
| Status consistency | The degree of uniformity in a person’s social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. |
| Less social mobility makes it so there is ____ status consistency? | More status consistency |
| Ideology | Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality |
| Davis-Moore thesis | social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society (competition for reward is good) (inequality promotes productivity and efficiency!! def nothing wrong with that!) |
| Karl Marx’s theory | Social stratification is rooted in people’s relationship to means of production → socialism |
| According to Max Weber there are 3 dimensions of inequality for social stratification. What are they? | class position, status, and power |
| Structural-Functional - Social stratification | Social stratification benefits society as a whole - The social position = personal skills |
| Social-Conflict - Social stratification | Social stratification benefits some people and harms others - The social position = how society divides resources |
| Symbolic-Interaction - Social stratification | Social stratification guides people’s interactions in everyday life. |
| What's the difference between wealth and income? | Income is earnings from work or investments, while wealth the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts |
| Intragenerational social mobility | change in social position occurring during a person’s lifetime |
| Intergenerational social mobility | Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents. |
| Relative poverty | The lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more |
| Absolute poverty | A lack of resources that is life-threatening. |
| Why is there poverty? Explain the Blame the poor view: | in this view, society offers many opportunities for those to succeed and the poor don’t take them due to a lack of skills or motivation |
| Why is there poverty? Explain the Blame society view: and who created this view | Blame society (Wilson) - loss of jobs in the inner cities, this view claims that there is not enough work |
Created by:
haleyr28
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