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Evidence Evolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| amphibian | cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water |
| bird | warm-blooded vertebrate, covered in feathers and lays hard-shelled eggs |
| fish | cold-blooded vertebrate that lives under water and breathes through gills |
| Linnaeus | botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature |
| taxonomy | science of classifying organisms |
| species | most specific category of similar organisms, can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| natural selection | individuals that have more fitness tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals |
| homologous structures | structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
| analogous structures | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function |
| vestigial structures | structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose |
| artificial selection | breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with similar traits |
| phylogenetic tree | diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. |
| DNA | "double helix" molecule containing genetic information |
| embryo | organism in the earliest stage of development |
| paleontology | science dealing with prehistoric life through the study of fossils |
| fossil | preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past |
| homozygous | organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (HH or hh) |
| heterozygous | organism that has two different alleles for a trait (Hh) |
| dominant allele | allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. |
| recessive allele | allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present |
| phenotype | physical appearance, or visible traits. |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| pedigree chart | chart which shows several generations of related families and how traits are passed down |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
| law of superposition | states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it |
| Punnett square | chart that shows all possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| autosomal | all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked. |
| common ancestor | shared ancestor of new, different species that arose from one population |
| reptile | vertebrate with scaly skin that lays eggs with tough, leathery shells |
| mammal | warm-blooded vertebrate, breathes through lungs, has hair/fur, feeds milk to young |
| transitional | fossil type showing links in traits between groups of organisms such as fish and amphibians |
| Mendel | experiments in breeding garden peas led to his recognition as founder of the science of genetics |
| ancestral trait | trait shared by all members of a group through a common ancestor. |
| derived trait | new feature that had not appeared in common ancestors |
| codominance | Both alleles for a gene are fully expressed Ex: black & white spotted cow |
| incomplete dominance | Neither allele being dominant over the other Ex: red + white flowers = pink flowers |
| XX | female sex chromosomes |
| XY | male sex chromosomes |
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