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RNA
RNA and Protein Synthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is RNA? | a nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides |
| What does RNA stand for? | ribonucleic acid |
| What is the sugar in RNA? | ribose |
| RNA is ______ stranded. | single |
| What does RNA contain instead of thymine? | uracil |
| What does the m in mRNA stand for? | messenger |
| What does the t in tRNA stand for? | transfer |
| What does the r in rRNA stand for? | ribosomal |
| What is the main function of RNA? | protein synthesis |
| What does mRNA look like? | a comb |
| What does mRNA act as? | a pattern for building a protein |
| Is mRNA able to leave the nucleus? | yeppers |
| What is tRNA shaped like? | a clover |
| What does tRNA do? | fits with and transfers a specific amino acid |
| How is rRNA shaped? | globular |
| What does rRNA make up? | ribosomes |
| What do segments of DNA serve as? | a template to produce complementary RNA molecules |
| RNA is released when the stop signal is ready by an enzyme called ___ ___________. | RNA polymerase |
| Where does RNA travel when it moves outside of the nucleus? | the cytoplasm |
| What are promoters? | regions of DNA that have specific base sequences that RNA polymerase binds to |
| What do promoters tell the enzyme? | where to start and stop |
| What are introns? | portions of a gene that do not remain in the final mRNA molecule following transcription of the gene |
| What are exons? | the portions of a gene that are spliced back together |
| The genetic code is ready _ letters at a time so that each _____ is three bases long and corresponds to a single ______ ____. | 3; codon; amino acid |
| What is a codon? | a three letter portions of mRNA |
| What determines the properties of different proteins? | the specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain and the order in which they are joined |
| What happens in the translation of RNA? | ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains; the formation of proteins using information coded on mRNA that was copied from DNA |
| How does RNA creation compare to the creation of DNA? | it is the same as making DNA except the mRNA is read in codons, each codon is a compliment to one amino acid, and it occurs in the ribosome |
| What is transcription? | making mRNA from DNA; uracil takes place of thymine |
| What is the order of protein synthesis? | transcription, a ribosome attaches to mRNA at the start codon(AUG), tRNA brings in matching amino acids as each codon is read, a chain of amino acids forms, the protein is released when the ribosome reads a stop protein(UAA, UAG, or UGA) |
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? | information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein |
| What are the steps of DNA duplication? | unzipping, new bases joining, and proofreading |
| What is translation? | protein synthesis; the formation of proteins from mRNA; the first step of translation is transcription |
| What are mutations? | heritable changes in genetic information |
| What are point mutations? | gene mutations that involve in one or a few nucleotides; they occur at a single point in a DNA sequence |
| What are examples of point mutations? | substitutions, insertions, and deletions |
| What happens in substitutions? | one base is changed to a different base and usually only affect a single amino acid or none at all |
| What are insertions? | point mutations in which one base is inserted to the DNA sequence; the effects of this can be dramatic |
| What are deletions? | point mutations in which one base is deleted from the DNA sequence; the effects of this can be dramatic |
| What is a mutagen? | a substance that can cause a change in the DNA code of an organism |
| What do DNA binding proteins do in prokaryotes? | regulate genes by controlling transcription |
| How do transcription factors control the expression of genes in prokaryotes? | by binding DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes |
| What is an operon? | a group of genes that are regulated together |
| What are master control genes like? | switches that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues |
| What is RNA interference? | blocking gene expression in eukaryotes with microRNA strands |
| What determines the amino acid sequence of a protein? | the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA template |
| What happens to the newly formed polypeptide after protein translation is complete? | it folds into a three-dimensional structure due to the interaction of neighboring amino acids in sequence |
| All cells contain ___, which gives them the ability to produce different types of ________. | DNA; proteins |
| All living organisms have genes that are made up of the ____ components. | same |
| Can UV radiation alter an organism's DNA molecules and cause mutations? | yes |
| When does genotype variation occur? | when alleles are randomly sorted during sexual reproduction |
| Both ___ and ___ have a phosphate group. | DNA; RNA |
| Are chemical bonds breakable? | yes |
| Why is DNA important? | it directs the production of proteins in living things |
| What happens during the process of translation? | transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA |
| There are __ kinds of codons but only __ amino acids. | 64; 20 |
| Genes contain instructions for making ________. | proteins |
| What is made during transcription? | messenger RNA |
| What is the name of the stage of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleus? | transcription |
| What is the product of transcription? | mRNA |
| Where does translation take place? | ribosomes |
| What does the mRNA strand bind to during translation? | ribosomes |
| What type of molecule is an anticodon found on? | tRNA |
| What is the monomer for a protein? | amino acid |
| On which molecule is a codon found? | mRNA |
| What is the name of the bond that joins two adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain? | peptide bond |
| Which molecule has a copy of the DNA and carries it to the ribosomes? | mRNA |
| Which RNA molecules brings the amino acids to the ribosomes for translation? | tRNA |
| What is the part of the tRNA molecule that is complementary to the codon on mRNA? | the anticodon |
| What happens in translation? | a polypeptide is produce as determined by the sequence in mRNA |
| In translation, amino acids are arranged in a particular order as they are attached to what? | tRNA |
| What is the subunit of DNA? | nucleotides |
| Within which structure of an animal cell does DNA replication take place? | nucleus |
Created by:
alov9636
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