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Micro 10, 11, 12
Micro 10, 11, 12 Talaro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genetic Engineering | Modification of an organisms genome |
| Biotechnology | use of an organism's biochemical and metabolic pathways for industrial production |
| Restriction endonucleases | recognize specific sequences of DNA and breaks bonds between adjacent nucleotides. Enzyme can be used to cleave DNA at desired sites. Mix in enzymes and base pairs to make more DNA |
| Ligase | Enzyme that rejoins phosphate-sugar bonds (sticky ends). Used for final splicing genes into plasmids and chromosomes. |
| Reverse transcriptase | Makes a DNA copy of RNA |
| GEL electrophoresis | separates DNA fragments based on sizesmall ends go to the bottom |
| DNA sequencing | determining the order and type of bases for all types of DNA |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR | Method to amplify DNA in test tube |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | Intentional removal of genetic material from one organism and combining it with that of another. Donor must be selected, excised, and isolated. Gene is inserted into a vector (plasmid, virus). Host is usually bacterium or yeast. |
| Plasmids | small, well characterized, easy to manipulate. Extra chromosomal unit. |
| Bacteriophages | Viruses that infect bacteria. |
| Desiable features of a cloning host | fast growth rate grow in large quantities. Non-pathogenic. Genome well delineated. Can accept plasmid or virus. High yield.Can maintain genes through multiple generations. |
| DNA fingerprinting used to | Identify hereditary relationships. Study inheritance patterns of diseases. Study evolution. Identify climinals or victims of disaster. |
| Microarray analysis | Track the expression of thousands of genes. Used to identify and devise treatments for diseases based on the genetic profile. |
| Methods to destroy microorganisms | Chemical, Physical, Mechanical |
| Primary targets for destructin | Vegetative bacterial cells and endosporesfungal hyphae and spores, yeaseprotzoan trophozoites and cysts, WormsViruses, Prions |
| Highest resistance Microbes | prions and bacterial endospores |
| Least resistant Microbes | bacterial vegetative cells Fungal spores. |
| Sterilization | destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores |
| Disinfection | destroys vegetative pathogens, not endospores. usually for inanamate objects. |
| Anitseptic | disinfectants applied directly to exposed body surfaces |
| Sanitation | any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes |
| Degermination | reduces the number of microbes through mechanical means. |
| Microbial Death | Hard to detect. |
| Practical concerns in Microbial control | Selection of control method depends of circumstances. Does the application require sterilization? Is the item to be reused? Can it withstand heat, pressure, radiation, chemicals? Cost |
| Methods of control | Heat, cold, desiccation, radiation, filtration |
| Pasteurization | heat applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value. |
| Levels of Chemical Decontaminants | Disinfectants, antiseptics, sterilants, degermers, preservatives |
| Alcohols | Act as surfactants dissolving membrane lipids and coagulating proteins of vegetative bacterial cells and fungi. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | damage protein and DNA. |
| Detergents and Soaps | Amonia acts as suractant. Soaps mechanically remove soil containing microbes. |
| Antimicrobial therapy | Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host |
| Mechanisms of Drug Action | Inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Breakdown of cell membrane. Inhibitin of nucleic acid systhesis, structure or function. Inhibition of protein systhesis. Block key metabolic pathways. |
| Denaturation | Denaturation with use of enzymes or high temperatures breaks the hydrogen bonds to separate the strands of DNA |
| Renaturation | With use of enzymes or lower temperatures, reforms the bonds to recreate the double helix |
| Plasmids and bacteriophages | make good cloning vectors because, they have the ability to encode their own replication, accept donor DNA up to a certain size (multiple genes), transfer DNA into live cells (e.g. transformation or transduction), and be easily manipulated in the lab. |
| Decontamination | Destructin , removal, or reduction of undesirable microbes |
| Sepsis | Growth of microorganisms in tissue |
| Asepsis | Preventing entry of microorganisms into steril tissues |
| How does drug resistance occur? | Mutation, Conjunction |
| What mechanisms for drug resistance? | Stronger cell membrane.Break down drug with enzyme.Block metabolic pathway.Switch to different metabolic pathway. |
| Anti-biotics target what in cell? | Cell walls and membranes.Protein synthesis.Protein function.Metabolic pathway.Acid synthesis. |
| What do we target in viruses? | Envelope.Block cell penetration.Block replicationor transcription of viral genetic material. |
| Death | Lack of nutrition or too much waste. |
| Ideal Antimicrobial Drug | Selectively toxic to the microbe but not host. Remains potent long enough to act.Cheap. Does not disrupt the hosts health. Does not lead to resistance. Readily delivered. |
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