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Biology
Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earth | 4.6 billion years old |
| Prokaryotes | 3.5-3.8 billion years old |
| Great Oxygenation Event | 2.4-2.5 billion years old |
| Eukaryotes | 1.8-2.2 billion years old |
| Cambrian Explosion | 510-520 million years old |
| Land Colonization | 470-488 million years old |
| End-Permian Mass Extinction | 251 million years old |
| K-Pg Boundary (Mass Extinction) | 66 million years old |
| Homology | Shared Ancestry |
| Analogy | Convergent Evolution |
| Monophyletic | Consists of the ancestor species and all of it descendants |
| Paraphyletic | Consists of ancestor species but not including all the descendant groups |
| Polyphyletic | Consists of descendants but does not include their most recent common ancestor |
| Sympleisiomorphy | Shared ancestral character present in the outgroup |
| Synapomorphy | Shared derived character not present in the outgroup |
| Ultrametric Tree | Phylogenies with info about absolute timing of events |
| Taxonomy | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Philip Came Over For Garlic Soup |
| Prokaryote Morphology | Spherical/Cocci, Rod-Shaped/Bacillus, Spiral |
| Gram-postive | Purple, peptidoglycan |
| Gram-negative | Pink, outer membrane and peptidoglycan |
| Adherence | Fimbriae: fibers Exopolysaccharides: slime |
| Endospore | Stress-resistant structures |
| Prokaryote | 1 circular chromosome, lack compartmentalization, infolding membrane for metabolism |
| Prokaryotic Reproduction | Binary fission - Not mitosis |
| Prokaryotic Recombination | Transformation: DNA from the environment Transduction: Transfer via phage Conjugation: Direct plasmid transfer |
| Antibiotic Resistance | R plasmid horizontal transmission |
| Necessary Components | Energy: Drives chemical reactions Electrons: Redox reactions and ETC Carbon: Building block for all organic molecule |
| Energy | Light: Photo Chemical: Chemo |
| Electrons | Inorganic: Litho Organic: Organo |
| Carbon | CO2: Auto Eating: Hetero |
| Cyanobacteria | Cholorplasts: Photolithoautotrophs |
| Rickettsiales | Mitochondria: Chemoorganoheterotrophs |
| Purple Sulfur Bacteria | Eat light, Breath H2S (sulfide), Release CO2 -Photolithoautotroph |
| Eat H2 and C; Breath SO4, Release Sulfide (anoxic) - Chemolithoheterotrophs | |
| Methanogens | Eat H2, Breath CO2, Release CH4 (anoxic) -Chemolithoautotrophs |
| Obligate aerobes | Require O2 for cellular respiration |
| Obligate anaeroces | Poisoned by O2 use fermentation/anaerobic respiration |
| Facultative anaerobes | Can survive with or without O2 |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia |
| Disease | Bacteria: Adaption or accident -Endotoxin(Living) or Exotoxin(Death) |
| Eukaryote Novelties | Phagocytosis, Large Size, Linear Chromosomes, Mitosis, Meiosis, and Recombination linked to reproduction |
| Original Endosymbosis Theory | Nucleus first, Mitochondria second -mitchondria = parasite |
| Current Endosymbosis Theory | Mitochondria first, Nucleus second -mitochondria = mutualist |
| Archea | nuclear genome -DNA = eukaryote and archea are sister taxa |
| Bacteria | mitochondria -DNA = eukaryotes and bacteria are sister taxa |
| Hydrogen Hypothesis | Ancient alphaproteobacteria eat glucose, release H2 and CO2 ancient methanogens breath H2 and CO2, so methanogens engluf alphaproteobacteria |
| Protists | All eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi |
| Supergroups | Excavata, SARS Clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta |
| Excavata | No plastids, reduced mitochondria, anaerobic |
| Diplomonads | Mitochondria called mitsomes (form Fe-S clusters), two equal-sized nuclei, multiple flagella |
| Parabasalids | Mitochondria called hydrogenosomes(generate ATP anaerobically, release H2 and CO2) |
| Euglenozoans | Euglenids and Kinetoplastids |
| Euglenids | Secondary endosymbiosis with green algae, eye to detect light that control flagella |
| Kinetoplastids | Consist of trypanosomes (parasites) |
Created by:
Hopethisworks
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