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Mitosis_Meiosis

Mitosis & Meiosis vocab and stages.

QuestionAnswer
Mitosis Makes a complete copy of a cell for cell replication.
Meiosis Makes a 4 copies of a cell with half the # of chromosomes in each for sexual reproduction.
Chromosome Half an "X" shape - made of a centromere (center), and DNA (the arms). When two meet to make a full "X", also called chromosome.
Human Cells 46 chromatids(half an X), 23 pairs (full X) of homologous (identical) chromosomes. Doubles for Mitosis - 46 "full X" chromosomes.
Interphase (Non-mitotic stage). Replicates every chromosome to make 96 chromatids, 46 ("X"'s) pairs.
Centromere The circle-shaped center of a chromosome.
Chromatid Describes a half-"X" chromosome - two chromatids make a "Chromosome" (full "X").
Prophase (MIT 1/4) The centrioles move to the ends of the cell and form a mitotic spindle. Also, tne nuclear membrane breaks up.
Metaphase (MIT 2/4) Mitotic spindle pushes chromosomes to line up at the center equator of cell (aka the metaphase plate).
Anaphase (MIT 3/4) The spindle pulls the "X" chromosomes apart - now 92 "half-X" chromatids. They move to opposite poles of the cell. Also - cell begins to split along the "cleavage furrow."
Telophase (MIT 4/4) Nuclear membrane in each new cell; two new daughter cells w/23 pairs of 46 "half-X" chromatids each. Cytoplasm division = "Cytokinesis."
Gene A portion of a chromosome (which contains DNA) that holds instructions for protein production.
Diploid A cell w/a full set of chromosomes - humans have 23 chromosomes (23 pairs of 46 "half-X" chromatids each)
Haploid A cell w/only half the # of chromosomes, and no homologous pairs (each chrom. unique). Meiosis - two haploid cells to sexually reproduce & make a gamete.
Gamete A sex cell - in humans, a sperm or an egg. Haploid - sperm/egg only have 23 chromosomes each.
Diploid/Haploid Number # of chromosomes in the Diploid or Haploid cell.
Zygote Two gametes (sperm/eggs) that combine to make a complete diploid cell. The zygote uses mitosis then to develop and grow.
Prophase I The chromosomes pair up with each other in sets of 4 chromatids/2 chromosomes, called "tetrads". 23 sets; then normal prophase action.
"Crossing over" Happens in prophase - non-identical chromosomes exchange like segments or arms.
Metaphase I. The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. They stay in their homologous pairs - 23 pairs lining up rather than 46 single chromosomes.
Anaphase I Each homologous pair is separated - no chromosome (tetrad) or centromere is split as was in Mitosis.
Telophase I Divides into two HAPLOID cells. No homologous pairs - just one of each type of chromosome. Count: 23 unique tetrads for both cells.
Meiosis II The resulting haploid cells use mitosis to duplicate, making 4 haploid gametes.
Prophase II Just like mitosis - only haploid #, and no homologous pairs, so no pairing.
Metaphase II Chromosomes line up individually along equator.
Anaphase II Centromeres split & chromosomes divide into 2 chromatids each, which get pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase II Nuclear membrane and 4 new haploid gametes. Net count: 46 tetrads (chromosomes), double the # normal -> 4 haploid cells with 23 identical sets of chromosomes each (from mitosis).
Gametogenesis Formation of sperm and ova from Meiosis. "Spermatogenesis" and "Oogenesis."
Spermatogonium A diploid cell in preparation to become a sperm. It undergoes Meiosis I and II to produce 4 haploid gametes (aka sperm).
Seminiferous tubules These are tiny tubules in the testes where Spermatogonium live.
Oogenesis To produce a female haploid gametes from a diploid cell. Also undergoes Meiosis I and II - just a few differences.
Primary Oocyte The diploid female cell to be reproduced. Found in the ovaries, aka the female gonads.
Differences from Spermogenesis Only one haploid cell produced can be fertilized. This is an "ovum." The other haploids cells, called "polar bodies", simply disintegrate.
Created by: jazzhands1
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