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exam #3-mas plants
second exam about plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The fate of a cell | refers to the type of cell into which it will differentiate. |
| Which statement about development is true? | Differential gene expression plays an important role in determining cell fate. |
| The red-light receptor in plants is called | phytochrome |
| If a mutant plant were created that lacked the receptor for ethylene, its fruit would | not ripen as it aged |
| Which action is not initiated by auxin? | Maintenance of seed dormancy |
| Which type of molecule would have the greatest impact on determining cell fate? | A master regulator |
| What role do cortical microtubules play in determining the shape of a plant cell? | Cortical microtubules anchor cellulose synthase complexes in the membrane, ultimately directing insertion of cellulose microfibrils into the cell wall and consequently the cell’s shape. |
| Which step is initially most crucial for the survival of the growing seedling that germinated an inch underground? | Rapid elongation of the shoot |
| The first mitotic division of the zygote establishes what feature or features of the developing plant? | Root-shoot axis and polarity |
| Suppose that seedless raspberries have been discovered in a genetic screen and commercialized, but their fruit is smaller than normal. What plant hormone(s) could be sprayed on the developing fruits so they grow to the normal size of seeded fruits? | Gibberellins |
| Which statement about plant tropisms is true? | One side of the root or shoot grows more rapidly than the other in response to differences in the amount of auxin present. |
| Lettuce seeds exposed to (in sequence) red light, far-red light, red light, red light, far-red light, far-red light will | not germinate |
| Asexual reproduction, including vegetative reproduction, results in the production of offspring that | are genetically identical, or clones |
| What would happen if a floral meristem were mutated and could not produce the B organ identity gene? | The flower would only develop sepals and carpels. |
| In plants, the female gametophyte is called the _______ and the male gametophyte is called the _______. | embryo sac; pollen grain |
| Chrysanthemums are short-day plants that typically bloom during spring or fall. What process could be used to stimulate summer flowering in chrysanthemums? | Masking a leaf to simulate a long-night exposure |
| What is the role of the FLC gene (FLOWERING LOCUS C) in plants that rely on cold temperature for flowering? | It is inhibited during cold weather, allowing expression of FT and FD in the spring. |
| In stable environments, which type of reproduction is most likely to become increasingly common? | Vegetative |
| Which list represents the correct order of events (from earliest to latest) in the reproduction of angiosperms? | Meiosis → egg formation → fertilization |
| In biochemically determined self-incompatibility, where does pollen tube growth generally stop | Style |
| If a pollen allele on the S locus matches an allele on the carpel on which it lands, what is the likely result? | The pollen grain will fail to germinate. |
| When a vegetative apical meristem becomes an inflorescence meristem, it | can become a floral meristem |
| During the transition to flowering, floral organ identity genes become active following the expression of _______ genes | inflorescence meristem identity |
| Increased tolerance of a plant to an environmental stress that results from prior exposure is most likely an example of | acclimation |
| When a plant perceives and responds to pathogens, the signaling pathway is initiated by a(n)_______ and typically causes a response within the _______. | elicitor; cell |
| Which adaptation is least likely to be used by xerophytes as a means of dealing with dry conditions? | Abundant leaves |
| Scientists have developed a plant that takes up 100 times the normal amount of cadmium from soil. They most likely intend for this plant to be used for | phytoremediation |
| The theory that phytochrome may serve as a temperature sensor is based on observation of the | rate of dark reversion |
| Which stressor causes high concentrations of abscisic acid to travel from the roots to the shoot? | Drought |
| Halophytes are different from all other types of plants in that they | can accumulate sodium and chloride ions |
| A plant in a nursery survives repeated cold nights. At the end of several weeks of this weather, this plant can be described as | cold-hardened |
| An Arctic plant that photosynthesizes and avoids freezing damage while under six inches of snow likely does so by producing | proteins that slow growth of ice crystals |
| In apoptosis, or programmed cell death, cells are induced to die due to an environmental challenge or stress. In the apoptosis associated with the hypersensitive response in plants, what environmental stress causes the response? | Presence of a pathogen |
| In the hypersensitive response to a pathogen, some plant cells are induced to die. Why would death of cells in this case be considered adaptive? | It starves the pathogen of nutrients, keeping the infection from spreading through the plant. |
| The process by which cells become different from one another is called | differentiation |
| bZIP1 is a transcription factor that acts in roots to regulate nitrogen uptake. When bZIP1 is expressed in root cells, the expression of many genes is either up- or down-regulated very rapidly. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon? | ZIP1 acts as either a repressor or activator of gene expression depending on the other transcription factors present in the cell |
| Loosening of the plant cell wall is vital for | cell expansion |
| Which statement does not describe the signal transduction pathway initiated by the binding of auxin to its receptor protein? | The auxin-receptor complex enters the cytoplasm |
| If the SCARECROW (SCR) protein was expressed and accumulated in the stele, what would you expect to occur? | SCR would immobilize SHORTROOT in the stele and tissue development would proceed abnormally |
| Cellulose microfibrils are | the result of several cellulose synthase proteins coordinating cellulose production |
| A plant breeder trying to produce a new variety of cockscomb flower inadvertently reduced the amount of fasciation in its flowers. Which hypothesis provides the most reasonable explanation? | The new variety produces more CLAVATA 3, restricting the spread of WUSCHEL and reducing the size of the meristem. |
| Which group of plant hormones causes a seed to break dormancy? | Gibberellins |
| Bending of a plant toward light is called | phototropism |
| Which statement about the mechanism by which phytochrome activates gene transcription is true? | Pfr degrades transcriptional factors (such as repressors) in the nucleus. |
| A plant needs to be propagated but is easily damaged by microbes when propagated in the greenhouse. What would be the most appropriate method of propagation to produce large numbers of genetically identical plants? | Meristem culture |
| If an embryo sac, or megagametophyte, is formed with nonfunctional synergid cells, what function will this embryo sac be unable to carry out? | Attracting a pollen tube |
| Fertilization of a flower is complete when the | sperm in the pollen tube reaches the egg cell |
| In alternation of generations, meiosis is the boundary between the sporophytic generation and the gametophytic generation. What is the boundary between the gametophytic generation and the sporophytic generation? | Fertilization |
| The major purpose of double fertilization in plants, as opposed to single fertilization as is found in animals, is to | provide nourishment for the developing embryo |
| A potential disadvantage of self-pollination is | less genetic diversity |
| The transition from vegetative growth to flowering is usually determined by | meristem identity genes and environmental cues |
| Many plants are identified as short-day or long-day. Which factor is responsible for initiating flowering in these plants? | Length of night |
| What is the name of the gene that produces florigen? | FLOWERING LOCUS T |
| How would veranlization be affected in an Arabidopsis mutant with a short-lived FLC protein? | The plants would not need to be vernalized in order to flower. |
| Which response describes the role carbonic anhydrase may play in stomatal changes? | It catalyzes a reaction involving CO2 that initiates the signal leading to stomatal response. |
| LEA proteins tend to accumulate in seeds when the seeds are | drying |
| Which adaptation would be useful to a plant living in a dry environment? | CAM photosynthesis |
| Leaves adapted to a dry environment are least likely to exhibit | large surface area |
| Which statement best describes the CAM photosynthetic pathway? | CAM photosynthesis is slow, but it allows plants to survive in areas such as deserts where growth otherwise would not occur. |
| Which adaptation would not be useful for a plant growing with its roots submerged in salt water? | Reduced activity of transporters that move NaCl into the vacuole |
| Which conclusion is supported by this figure on the right? (figure demonstrates that more phosphorus means more growth) | Plant growth is limited when soils are deficient in nutrients. |
| Plants respond to high temperatures with everything except | retailoring of membrane lipids. |
| In the specialized form of systemic acquired resistance that acts on viral pathogens, the virus undergoes an interaction with enzymes in the plant cell that leads to RNAi, or RNA interference. In what order do the products of this reaction appear? | Intact viral RNA, dsRNA, siRNAs, degraded viral RNA |
| Plants produce jasmonite in response to which kind of threat? | Herbivores |
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goulettema
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