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cellular anatomy L2
chapter 3 lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | Fundamental unit of all living things |
| Metabolism | Cellular Function |
| Cytology | the study of cells; cyto = cell ology = the study of |
| Cell theory | every living organism made of cells, cells arise only through division of pre-existing cells, and all cells have same basic chemical components |
| Light microscope (LM) | uses visible light to show the image |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | can see Slices of the cell |
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | shows 3D structure of the cell |
| Squamous | Snake is squirmy; thin, flat scaly shape. ex: Line esophagus and form surface layer of skin |
| Cuboidal | Squarish, almost equal in height and width. example: Liver cells |
| Columnar | Tall and Wide.ex: inner lining of intestines |
| Polygonal | Irregular angular shape with 4+ sides. squamous, cuboidal, and columnar look like this when viewed from above rather than the side |
| Stellate | Have a star like shape. ex: Cell bodies of nerve cells |
| Ovoid | Round to oval shape. ex: Egg cells and white blood cells |
| Discoid | Disc-shape like RBCs |
| Fusiform | Spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends. ex: smooth muscle cells |
| Fibrous | Long, slender, and threadlike. ex: skeletal muscles cells and axons (nerve fibers) of nerve cells |
| Approximate size of cells | Micrometer (μm) which is one-millionth (10⁻⁶) or one- thousandth (10⁻³) of a millimemter |
| Plasma (cell) membrane function and structure | Forms the surface boundary of the cell. functions to enclose components of the cell and to regulate passage of substances into and out of the cell |
| Microvilli | Found on the plasma membrane. see in cells of absorption (intestines). function is to increase surface areas to increase absorption |
| Cilia | Found on Plasma membrane. Hair-like processes; function is to move things |
| Flagella | Found on Plasma membrane. Long. only human cell to have one is the male sex cell or sperm. function is cell movement |
| Intercellular junctions | Proteins found on cell surfaces in certain arrangements. They link cells together and attach them to extracellular material |
| Tight Junction | Type of Intercellular junction. Joins cells tightly to their neighbors. Is Zipperlike, seals off space making it difficult for stuff to pass between cells. ex: stomach |
| Desmosomes | Type of intercellular junction. Patch that holds cells together. Is Snap like and not continuous so stuff can pass between cells.These junctions resist mechanical stress ex: epidermis of skin |
| Gap Junction | Type of intercellular junction. Ringlike, surrounds a water filled channel. Fluids can diffuse through the channel directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the next. ex: embryo |
| Cytoplasm | Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Consists of cytoskeleton, Inclusions, and organelles |
| Cytoskeleton | Supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules |
| Organelles | Functioning unit of the cell |
| Nucleus | Largest Organelle. conatins the genetic material, is the genetic control center of cellular activity |
| Chromosomes | Long strands composed of DNA and Proteins. Found in DIVIDING cells |
| Chromatin | Found in NONDIVIDING cells. uncondensed nuclear material |
| Nucleoli | Dense masses found in the nucleus |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesize steroids and lipids as well as detox the cell. Also manufactures membranes of the cell. Rough is covered with ribosomes. Smooth has no ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | Small granules of protein and RNA. Synthesize protein |
| Golgi Complex | Stack of flattened membranous sacs. Synthesize carbohydrates |
| Lysosomes | Package of enzymes in a single unit membrane. Phagocytize foreign matter and worn out organelles and digest them. Responsible for apoptosis. Clean up cell |
| Phagocytosis | process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris |
| Peroxisomes | Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals |
| Mitochondria | Provide energy for cellular function. Synthesize ATP and is Sac like |
| Centrioles | Bundle of microtubules near the nucleus. Play a role in cell division |
| Centrosome | Small clear patch of cytoplasm contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules |
| Inclusions | Non metabolically active parts of the cell. ex: stored cell products like lipids and pigments or foreign bodies like dust and bacteria |
| Cytosol | The fluid withing the cell |
| Extracellular Fluid, tissue, or Interstitial fluid | All body fluids not contained in the cells. ex: Blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid |
| Nucleoplasm | The area within the nucleus in which other nuclear elements are suspended |
| Cell cycle | The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| Mitosis | Period where a cell replicates its nucleus, divides its DNA into two identical sets, and pinches in two to form two genetically identical daughter cells |
| Interphase | the time between M phases where growth and synthesis occur. G1,S, and G2. G = gap phase |
| Prophase | Chromatin condenses into chromosomes for easy distribution to daughter cells |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up on the cell equator |
| Anaphase | Activation of an ezyme that cleaves the two sister chromatids (what makes up the X in a chromosome) from each other at the centromere |
| Telophase | Chromatid clusters are on each side of the cell, and a new nuclear enevelope is produced by the Rough ER. Chromatids begin to uncoil. End of nuclear division |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm. See a cleavage furrow |
| Stem cells | Immature cells with the ability to become one or more types of mature, specialized cells |
| Embryoinc Stem cells | Found in human embryos |
| Adult Stem cells | Found in most of the body's organs and exist to replace older or damaged cells for normal cell turnover |
| Epithelial Tissue | Layers of closesly spaced cells that cover organ surfaces of form glands. Function is protection, secretions, and absorption. Found in epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, and liver and other glands |
| Connective Tissue | Has more matrix than cell volume. Often specialized for supporting, binding and protecting organs. Found in Tendons and ligaments, Cartilage and bone, and Blood and lymph |
| Nervous tissue | Has excitable cells for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells. Found in the Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Muscular Tissue | Composed of elongated, excitable cells for contraction. Found in skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and valls of viscera (smooth muscle) |
| Simple squamous epithelium | A single layer of thin, flat cells. Lines lumina of blood and lymphatic vessels and covers visceral organs and lines body cavities |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | NOT COMMON. Single layer of square or round cells. Found in Kidney tubules and salivary ducts |
| Simple columnar epithelium | singl layer of tall narrow cells with oval or sausage shaped nuclei in basal half of cell. Can have goblet cells and cilia. Found in inner lining of stomach, intestines, uterus and uterin tubes. Function for absorption, secretion, and movement |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Single layer of cells that appear multilayered. some cells don't reach free surface but ALL cells reach the basement membrane. Can have goblelt cells and cilia. Found in all tubes leading to lungs |
| Stratified squamous epithelium Keratinized | Multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly toward surface. surface layer has compact dead cells with no nuclei. Keratin replaces stuff in cell. |
| Stratified squamous epithelium non Keratinized | Same as keratinized except no dead surface layer is present. resist abrasion and are found in tongue and vagina |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Two or more layers of cells; surface calls are square or round. Found in larger sweat gland ducts |
| Transitional epithelium | Ultimate stretchy tissue type. Has rounded surface cells that bulge above the surface. Similiar to stratified squamous. 5-6 layers thick when relaxed but 2-3 when stretched. found in urinary tract, ureter, bladder and umbilical cord |
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