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Cell Cycle

TermDefinition
Chromatin The relaxed or spread out form of DNA
Chromosomes Condensed structures that contain DNA and visible during mitosis.
Cell Cycle The way cells reproduce through the process of growing and dividing.
Interphase The stage during which the cell grows, develops into a mature, functioning cell, duplicates the DNA in its nucleus, and prepares for division.
Mitosis The stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Prophase The first and longest phase of mitosis. The chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. The nucleus breaks down. The nucleolus disappears. The spindle apparatus begins to form.
Sister chromatids Condensed structures that contain identical copies of DNA.
Centromere The structure at the center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached.
Spindle apparatus Fibers made of protein that are important for moving and organizing chromosomes during cell division.
Metaphase Sister chromatids are moved to the middle, or equator, of the cell by the spindle apparatus.
Anaphase Sister chromatids are pulled apart and separate during this phase of mitosis. Sister chromatids separate into identical chromosomes and end up at opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase The identical chromosomes are at opposite poles and relax, or decondense. Two new nuclei are formed, each with a complete set of DNA. The nucleoli also reappear.
Cytokinesis The process of the cell's cytoplasm dividing. This results in 2 cells with identical nuclei.
Cancer The uncontrolled growth and division of cells. It is a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle.
Carcinogens Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer. Examples include tobacco, UV radiation, X-rays.
Centrioles Structures found in animal cells, but not plant cells. These structures help to organize the spindle in animal cell division.
Genes The DNA on chromosomes that code for proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells.
Homologous Chromosomes The chromosomes that make up a pair, one chromosome from each parent. They are the same same size, length, and carry genes that code for the same trait in the same location.
Gametes Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes.
Haploid cell A cell with a single set of chromosomes. It is represented by (n). Sperm and egg cells are examples.
Fertilization The process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete.
Diploid cell A body cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes. It is represented by (2n).
Sex chromosomes The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the individual's sex. For example, females have the XX combination and males have the XY combination.
Autosomes The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell.
Meiosis A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in the reproductive structures of organisms that reproduce sexually. Haploid gametes are produced through 2 rounds of division.
Crossing over A process during which chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes. It happends during prophase I of meiosis.
Karyotype A picture of an organism's chromosomes arranged in pairs and decreasing in size. In humans, it is typically a picture of 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
Nondisjunction A process involving the incorrect separation of chromosomes during cell division. This results in gametes with an incorrect chromosome number.
Created by: user-1733795
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