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microbiology test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotic cell: external form and function | appendages, flagella, pili, fimbriae, glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer |
| prokaryotic cell: cell envelope form and function | outer membrane, cell wall, cell membrane |
| prokaryotic cell: internal form and function | cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid/chromosome, actin-like cytoskeleton, endospore |
| structures common to all bacteria cells | cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, one (or few) chromosomes |
| structures found in most bacteria cells | cell wall, surface coating or glycocalyx |
| structures found in some bacteria cells | flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsules, slime layers, inclusions, actin-like cytoskeleton, endospores |
| Glycocalyx | a coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse. |
| Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid | composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins. |
| Plasmid | double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes |
| Pilus | an elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells |
| Ribosomes | tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis |
| Actin cytoskeleton | long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell |
| flagellum | specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament. The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility |
| Fimbriae | fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces |
| Inclusion/granule | stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in defense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed |
| Cell wall | a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell |
| Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane | a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of material into and out of the cell pool |
| Outer membrane | extra membrane similar to cell membrane but also containing lipopoly saccharide. Controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released |
| endospore | dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions |
| Cytoplasm | water-based solution filling the entire cell |
| Appendages | Cell extensions |
| Are appendages present on all species | no, they are common but not present in all. |
| Do appendages provide motility | Yes, flagella and axial filaments |
| Are appendages used for attachment and mating | Yes, pili and fimbriae |
| Three parts of the flagella | filament, hook (sheath), and basal body |
| Flagella | vary in both number and arrangement |
| Polar arrangement of flagella | flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell |
| Monotrichous | single flagella |
| Lophotrichous | small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site |
| peritrichous | dispersed randomly over the structure of the cell |
| What is the cell membrane structure also known as | cytoplasmic membrane |
| Cell membrane structure | very thin |
| What does the cell membrane structure contain primarily | phospholipids and proteins |
| What are the exceptions of the cell membrane structure | mycoplasmas (also have sterols) and archaea |
| Functions of cell membrane structure | energy reaction, nutrient processing, and synthesis; regulates transport; secretion |
| Outer membrane: cell envelope structure | and extra barrier in gram-negative bacteria |
| How is gram-negative different than gram-positive in outer membrane of cell envelope structure | more difficult to kill; |
| Bacteria that interact with human tissues and cause disease | Corynebacterium diphtheriae, streptococcus pyrogenous |
| Contents of cell cytoplasm | gelatinous solution, site for many biochemical and synthetic activities, 70-80% water, also contains larger, discrete cell masses |
| Bacterial chromosome | single cellular strand of DNA; aggregated in a dense area of the cell - the nucleoid |
| Plasmids | nonessential pieces of DNA; double-stranded circles of DNA |
| Plasmids can offer positive traits such as | drug resistance or the production of toxins and enzymes |
| Ribosomes | made of RNA and protein; characterized by S units |
| rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | special type of RNA |
| What is the prokaryotes ribosomes unit | 70s unit |
| Non-membrane bound granules | usually for storage of nutrients |
| Volutin | P storage |
| Polyhydroxybutyrate | carbon storage |
| Magnetosomes | magnetic ion crystals |
| Granules | a type of inclusion body, contain crystals of inorganic compounds, are not enclosed by membranes, |
| Cytoskeleton | long polymers of actin-like filaments |
| How is the cytoskeleton arranged | helical ribbons around the cell just under the cell membrane; contribute to cell shape |
| Endospores: extremely resistant stage | Dormant bodies produced by bacillus, clostridium, and sporosarcina |
| Endospore forming bacteria | have a two phase life cycle |
| What is phase one of endospore forming bacteria | vegetative cell, metabolically active and growing, can be induced by the environment to undergo spore formation (sporulation) |
| What is phase two of endospore forming bacteria | endospore formation |
| Stimulus for sporulation | the depletion of nutrients |
| Vegetative cells undergo conversion to | sporangium |
| Sporangium transforms in to an | endospore |
| Hardest of all life forms | withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals |
| Heat resistance | high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid |
| Endospore germination | breaking of dormancy, in the presence of water and a specific germination agent, quite rapid (1 1/2 hours), the agent stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes, digest the cortex and expose the core to water |
| Coccus | roughly spherical |
| Bacillus | rod-shaped |
| Coccobacillus | short and plump |
| Vibrio | gently curved |
| Spirillum | curviform or spiral shape |
| Pleomorphism | when cells of a single species vary to some extent in shape and size |
| One of the original classification systems | shape, variations in arrangement, growth characteristics, and habitat. |
| Early classification | the phenotypic traits of bacteria |
| Current version | combines phenotypic information with rRNA sequencing |
| Archaea | Prokaryotic cells, many are found in extreme environments, important non-pathogens, different from bacteria cell structure metabolism genetics |
Created by:
kenzie2802!
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