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Honors Biology DNA
Chapter 24 Inquiry into Life McGraw Hill Glencoe Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anticodon | group of three bases that is complementary to a specific codon of mRNA |
| biotechnology | use natural biological systems to create a product or to achieve an end desired by human beings |
| cloning | production of identical copies through some asexual means |
| codon | three-letter unit of an mRNA molecule |
| complementary base pairing | hydrogen bonding between particular bases |
| DNA | nucleic acid found in cells; genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells |
| DNA fingerpainting | use of DNA fragment lengths resulting from restriction enzyme cleavage to identify particular individuals |
| DNA ligase | enzyme that links DNA fragments |
| DNA replication | synthesis of a new DNA |
| double helix | double spiral; 3D shape of DNA |
| gene | unit of heredity existing in alleles on the chromosomes |
| gene cloning | production of one or more copies of the same gene |
| gene mutation | alteration in a gene due to a change in DNA composition |
| genetic engineering | alteration of genomes for medical or industrial purposes |
| mRNA | ribonucleic acid whose sequence of codons specifies the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis |
| mutagen | environmental influences that cause mutations |
| plasmid | self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria |
| polymerase chain reaction | technique that uses the enzyme DNA polymerase to produce copies of a particular piece of DNA within a test tube |
| polyribosome | string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis |
| promoter | sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to prior to transcription |
| purine | type of nitrogen-containing bases having double-ring structure |
| pyrimidine | type of nitrogen-containing bases having single-ring structure |
| rDNA | DNA that contains genes from more than one source |
| restriction enzyme | bacterial enzyme that stops viral reproduction by cleaving viral DNA; used to cut DNA at specific points of recombiant DNA |
| rRNA | type of RNA found in ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs |
| ribosome | RNA and protein in two sub-units; site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm |
| RNA | nucleic acid that contain sugar ribose; occurs in three forms |
| RNA polymerase | during transcription, an enzyme joins nucleotides complementary to a portion of DNA |
| transcription | process resulting in the production of a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a segment of DNA |
| tRNA | type of RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis; at one end, it binds to the amino acid, at other binds to anticodon |
| transgenic organism | free-living organism in the environment that has a foreign gene in its cells |
| translation | process by which the sequence of codons in mRNA dictates the sequenceof amino acids in a polypeptide |
| transposen | DNA sequence capable of randomly moving from one site to another in the genome |
| triplet code | each sequence of nucletide bases stands for a particular amino acid; order of gene expression |
| vector | in genetic engineering, a means to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell |
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