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unit 5 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F? - The bonding of adenine to guanine is an example of complementary pairing. | T |
| T/F? - The replication of DNA is called semi conservative because the same 4 nucleotides are used over and over again during replication. | F |
| T/F? - Each side of the parent strand remains intact during replication and a new companion strand forms across from it. | T |
| T/F? - Some of the enzymes associated with DNA replication repair errors that might occur. | T |
| T/F? - The term semi-conservative refers to the fact that in replication the sugars and phosphates are old (reused) and the bases are new. | F |
| What is the leading strand? | the continuously synthesized strand, the easy one, running 5' to 3' |
| What does helicase do? | unwinds the DNA double helix |
| What is the parent strand of DNA? | the original DNA helix, before it is split and replicated |
| What does the primer molecule do in DNA replication | it's used to start the new strand of DNA |
| What are okazaki fragments? | Short sections of DNA formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication |
| What is rRNA? | ribosomal RNA. forms ribosomes that will help make proteins |
| What is mRNA? | messenger RNA. contains genetic blueprint to make proteins, transcribed from DNA |
| What is tRNA? | transfer RNA. translates mRNA into proteins |
| step one of transcription | RNA polymerase locates the correct promoter region on the DNA molecule that indicates which gene to copy. |
| step two of transcription | RNA polymerase binds with the DNA promoter region to open up the section of DNA to be transcribed. |
| step three of transcription | RNA polymerase moves along the exposed DNA strand attaching the correct corresponding bases across from the DNA. |
| step four of transcription | A termination code is reached which signals the end of the gene that is being copied. |
| step five of transcription | The RNA molecule is modified with a cap and a tail and introns are cut out. |
| codon | a sequence of 3 bases on the mRNA |
| the number of bases read at one time at the ribosome | 3 |
| the number of possible codons for all of amino acids | 61 |
| genetic code | DNA corresponds to RNA which corresponds to the amino acid sequence |
| release factors | detach the amino acid sequence from the ribosome |
| composed of two subunits with binding sites for amino acids and RNA | ribosome |
| anticodon | a sequence of 3 bases on the tRNA |
| UAA, UAG, UGA | stop codons |
| DNA | contains the instructions for all protein production |
| pre-RNA | includes the introns and exons |
| intron | noncoding portions on mRNA that must be cut out |
| exon | the sections that are important to keep in the RNA |
| mature RNA | the final version of mRNA that leaves the nucleus |
| tRNA | RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome |
| rRNA subunits | join just before translation begins |
| anticodon | a sequence of 3 bases that corresponds of 3 bases on mRNA |
| amino acid | the building blocks of all polypeptides |
| ribosome | the place where the process of translation occurs |
| protein | the final result, may be either structural or functional |
| helicase | opens the DNA helix |
| ligase | seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments |
| DNA poly II | Repair function |
| RNA poly | produces primary transcript RNA |
| ropoisomerase | helps relieve the stress on DNA when unwinding |
| primase | synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication |
| genotype | Refers to the genes present in an individual organism |
| alleles | all the different molecular forms of a gene that exist |
| heterozygous | describes an individual having a pair of nonidentical alleles |
| dominant allele | gene whose effect “masks” the effect of its partner |
| phenotype | refers to an individual’s observable traits |
| genes | units of information about specific traits, passed from parent to offspring |
| homozygous recessive | an individual with a pair of recessive alleles, such as aa |
| recessive allele | gene whose effect is masked by its partner |
| homozygous | describes an individual for which two alleles of a pair are the same |
| P, F1, F2 | parental, first-generation, second generation offspring |
| hybrid offspring | offspring of a genetic cross that inherit a pair on nonidentical alleles |
| homozygous dominant | an individual with a pair of dominant alleles, such as AA |
| type of inheritance? - Pink flowered snapdragons produced from red and white parents | incomplete dominance |
| type of inheritance? - AB blood type from a gene system of 3 alleles, A, B, and O | multiple allele system |
| type of inheritance? - A gene with 3 or more alleles such as the ABO blood alleles | codominance |
| type of inheritance? - Black, brown, or yellow fur of Labrador retrievers and comb shape in poultry | epistasis |
| principle of segregation | Paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes so offspring have an equal chance of inheriting either factor. |
| principle of dominance | In a heterozygote, one trait conceals presence the presence of the other for the same characteristic. |
| principle of independent assortment | Genes don’t influence eachother when alleles are sorted into gametes. Every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur. |
| test cross | a genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote |
| pleiotropy | the production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects |
| trait | distinguishing characteristic |
| nondisjunction | failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division |
| mutation | a change in genetic material |
| linked genes | Genes that are inherited together with the other gene(s) as they are located on the same chromosome |
Created by:
mortehay000
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