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unit 5 crossword
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any of the non-sex chromosomes | autosomes |
| underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, of an organism | genotype |
| genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur | law of independent assortment |
| result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics | dihybrid |
| phenomenon in which alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together | linkage |
| having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome | homozygous |
| paired unit factors (i.e., genes) segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors | law of segregation |
| having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome | heterozygous |
| trait that appears “latent” or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed | recessive |
| in a heterozygote, complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic | codominance |
| in a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype | incomplete dominance |
| gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes | allele |
| process of mating two individuals that differ with the goal of achieving a certain characteristic in their offspring | hybridization |
| result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one characteristic | monohybrid |
| gene present on the X, but not the Y chromosome | x linked |
| trait which confers the same physical appearance whether an individual has two copies of the trait or one copy of the dominant trait and one copy of the recessive trait | dominant |
| observable traits expressed by an organism | phenotype |
| antagonistic interaction between genes such that one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another | epistasis |
| variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic | trait |
| variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome | mutation |
| enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3' OH and 5' phosphate ends of the DNA | ligase |
| mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent | spontaneous mutation |
| type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication | mismatch repair |
| mutation that affects a single base | point mutation |
| Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication | replication fork |
| during replication, the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork | lagging strand |
| process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell | transformation |
| mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents | induced mutation |
| DNA at the end of linear chromosomes | telomere |
| function of DNA polymerase in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one | proof reading |
| during replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds | helicase |
| enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends | telomerase |
| DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand | okazaki fragment |
| strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork | leading strand |
| enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand | primase |
| short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides | primer |
| AUG (or rarely, GUG) on an mRNA from which translation begins; always specifies methionine | start codon |
| enzyme that “charges” tRNA molecules by catalyzing a bond between the tRNA and a corresponding amino acid | aminoacyl trna synthetase |
| sequence of triplet codons in mRNA that specify a particular protein; a ribosome shift of one or two nucleotides in either direction completely abolishes synthesis of that protein | reading frame |
| three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation | codon |
| (of the genetic code) describes that a given amino acid can be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet; the code is degenerate, but not ambiguous | degeneracy |
| DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription | promoter |
| strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule | template strand |
| states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins | central dogma |
| non–protein-coding intervening sequences that are spliced from mRNA during processing | intron |
| three-nucleotide sequence in a tRNA molecule that corresponds to an mRNA codon | anticodon |
| process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA | splicing |
| sequence present in protein-coding mRNA after completion of pre-mRNA splicing | exon |
Created by:
mortehay000
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