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AP BIO UNIT 4
Cellular Communication
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| autocrine signal | signal that is sent and received by the same or similar nearby cells |
| autoinducer | signaling molecule secreted by bacteria to communicate with other bacteria of its kind and others |
| cell-surface receptor | cell-surface protein that transmits a signal from the exterior of the cell to the interior, even though the ligand does not enter the cell |
| chemical synapse | small space between axon terminals and dendrites of nerve cells where neurotransmitters function |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | second messenger that is derived from ATP |
| cyclic AMP-dependent kinase | (also, protein kinase A, or PKA) kinase that is activated by binding to cAMP |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) | cleavage product of PIP2 that is used for signaling within the plasma membrane |
| dimer | chemical compound formed when two molecules join together |
| dimerization | (of receptor proteins) interaction of two receptor proteins to form a functional complex called a dimer |
| endocrine cell | cell that releases ligands involved in endocrine signaling (hormones) |
| endocrine signal | long-distance signal that is delivered by ligands (hormones) traveling through an organism's circulatory system from the signaling cell to the target cell |
| enzyme-linked receptor | cell-surface receptor with intracellular domains that are associated with membrane-bound enzymes |
| extracellular domain | region of a cell-surface receptor that is located on the cell surface |
| G-protein-linked receptor | cell-surface receptor that activates membrane-bound G-proteins to transmit a signal from the receptor to nearby membrane components |
| growth factor | ligand that binds to cell-surface receptors and stimulates cell growth |
| inhibitor | molecule that binds to a protein (usually an enzyme) and keeps it from functioning |
| inositol phospholipid | lipid present at small concentrations in the plasma membrane that is converted into a second messenger; it has inositol (a carbohydrate) as its hydrophilic head group |
| inositol triphosphate (IP3) | cleavage product of PIP2 that is used for signaling within the cell |
| intercellular signaling | communication between cells |
| internal receptor | (also, intracellular receptor) receptor protein that is located in the cytosol of a cell and binds to ligands that pass through the plasma membrane |
| intracellular mediator | (also, second messenger) small molecule that transmits signals within a cell |
| intracellular signaling | communication within cells |
| ion channel-linked receptor | cell-surface receptor that forms a plasma membrane channel, which opens when a ligand binds to the extracellular domain (ligand-gated channels) |
| kinase | enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule |
| ligand | molecule produced by a signaling cell that binds with a specific receptor, delivering a signal in the process |
| mating factor | signaling molecule secreted by yeast cells to communicate to nearby yeast cells that they are available to mate and communicating their mating orientation |
| neurotransmitter | chemical ligand that carries a signal from one nerve cell to the next |
| paracrine signal | signal between nearby cells that is delivered by ligands traveling in the liquid medium in the space between the cells |
| phosphatase | enzyme that removes the phosphate group from a molecule that has been previously phosphorylated |
| phosphodiesterase | enzyme that degrades cAMP, producing AMP, to terminate signaling |
| quorum sensing | method of cellular communication used by bacteria that informs them of the abundance of similar (or different) bacteria in the environment |
| receptor | protein in or on a target cell that bind to ligands |
| second messenger | small, non-protein molecule that propagates a signal within the cell after activation of a receptor causes its release |
| signal integration | interaction of signals from two or more different cell-surface receptors that merge to activate the same response in the cell |
| signal transduction | propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell |
| signaling cell | cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell |
| signaling pathway | (also signaling cascade) chain of events that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response |
| synaptic signal | chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that travels between nerve cells |
| target cell | cell that has a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signaling cell |
Created by:
KellyKirvin
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